The Columbian Exchange · 哥伦布大交换
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange | 哥伦布大交换 | gē lún bù dà jiāo huàn |
| plantation/plænˈteɪʃn/ | 种植园 | zhòng zhí yuán |
A biological exchange, both directions
- The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange 哥伦布大交换.
- Three categories — plants, animals, diseases — and traffic in both directions.
- The CED's cause is the new connections, which unit 2 taught you to recognise as a network effect.
一次双向的生物交换
- 哥伦布大交换(Columbian Exchange)。
- 三个类别——植物、动物、疾病——而且是双向流动。
- CED 所指的原因是这些新联系,而第二单元已教会你把它辨认为一种网络效应。
Select all · 所有 the categories exchanged in the Columbian Exchange. · 选出哥伦布大交换中被交换的所有类别。
The CED's sentence names exactly those three. · CED 的那句话恰好点了这三项。
Disease came first and hit hardest
- European colonisation of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles and malaria.
- Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas.
- Unintentional is the CED's word — the mechanism is biological, which is what makes the scale of the loss possible.
疾病来得最早,打击最重
- 欧洲对美洲的殖民,导致病媒(包括蚊子与老鼠)的非有意传入,以及在东半球本已流行之疾病(包括天花、麻疹与疟疾)的扩散。
- 其中一些疾病大幅减少了原住民人口,在许多地区造成灾难性后果。
- "非有意"是 CED 用的词——其机制是生物性的,而这正是那种规模的损失得以发生的原因。
The CED describes the transfer of disease vectors as... · CED 把病媒的传入描述为……
The mechanism is biological, which is what makes the scale of loss possible. · 其机制是生物性的,而这正是那种规模的损失得以发生的原因。
American crops fed the Old World
- American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia and Africa, and populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops.
- Potatoes and maize grow where wheat and rice do not, so the same land feeds more people.
- That is the single largest demographic consequence of the exchange outside the Americas.
美洲作物养活了旧世界
- 美洲的食物成为欧洲、亚洲与非洲多地的主粮,而且欧亚非的人口在营养上受益于美洲粮食作物所增加的多样性。
- 马铃薯与玉米能在小麦和稻米长不好的地方生长,因此同样的土地养活了更多人。
- 这是这场交换在美洲之外最大的单一人口后果。
Follow the Columbian Exchange both ways · 双向追踪哥伦布大交换
The CED insists on both directions and on the demographic consequence that follows. · CED 强调双向流动,以及随之而来的人口后果。
Select all · 所有 the foods the CED says were brought by African enslaved persons. · 选出 CED 所说由被奴役非洲人带来的所有食物。
Horses and cattle are among the domesticated animals brought by Europeans. · 马与牛属于欧洲人带来的驯化动物。
The CED names foods brought by African enslaved persons, and that clause is not decorative. Okra and rice reached the Americas through enslaved Africans' own knowledge and practice — an answer that treats the westward transfer as entirely European has dropped one of the CED's four exchange statements.
**CED 点名了由被奴役的非洲人带来的食物,而这个分句不是装饰。**秋葵与稻米经由被奴役非洲人自身的知识与实践抵达美洲——把西行的传递完全归于欧洲人的答案,丢掉了 CED 四项交换陈述中的一项。
Cash crops and staple crops had the same social effects. · 经济作物与主粮作物具有相同的社会影响。
Staples fed populations; cash crops on coerced-labour plantations were exported for profit. · 主粮养活人口;而使用强制劳动之种植园所产的经济作物是为利润而出口的。
Cash crops are a different category
- Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labour and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East.
- So the exchange has a food story and a plantation 种植园 story, and they have opposite social effects.
- The staple story feeds populations; the cash-crop story creates a demand for coerced labour — which 4.4 develops.
经济作物是另一个类别
- 经济作物主要在使用强制劳动的种植园中种植,并大多出口到欧洲与中东。
- 因此这场交换既有粮食的故事,也有种植园(plantation)的故事,而两者的社会影响相反。
- 主粮的故事养活人口;经济作物的故事制造了对强制劳动的需求——这一点由 4.4 展开。
Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited ____ from the increased diversity of American food crops. · 欧亚非的人口在 ____ 上受益于美洲粮食作物所增加的多样性。
Potatoes and maize grow where wheat and rice do not. · 马铃薯与玉米能在小麦和稻米长不好的地方生长。
What went west
- Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas — the CED names horses, pigs and cattle.
- While other foods were brought by African enslaved persons — the CED names okra and rice.
- That last clause matters: enslaved Africans were agents of the exchange, not only its victims.
西行的是什么
- 欧洲人把欧亚非的果树、谷物、糖与驯化动物带到美洲——CED 点名了马、猪与牛。
- 而另一些食物则由被奴役的非洲人带来——CED 点名了秋葵与稻米。
- 最后这个分句很重要:被奴役的非洲人是这场交换的能动者,而不只是它的受害者。
The potato lets northern Europe feed more people from the same acres. Sugar, grown on plantations with coerced labour, feeds nobody — it is exported for profit. Both crops crossed on the same ships; one raised a population and the other created a demand for enslaved labour, which is why the exchange needs two stories.
马铃薯让北欧用同样的田亩养活更多人。而在使用强制劳动的种植园里种出的糖,谁也养不活——它是为利润而出口的。两种作物搭乘同样的船只跨海;一种提高了人口,另一种制造了对被奴役劳动的需求,这正是这场交换需要两个故事的原因。
The Columbian Exchange moved plants, animals and diseases in both directions. Unintentional disease transfer — smallpox, measles, malaria, plus vectors — substantially reduced indigenous populations. American staples fed and nutritionally benefited Afro-Eurasia, while cash crops on coerced-labour plantations were exported. Africans brought okra and rice.
哥伦布大交换在两个方向上移动了植物、动物与疾病。非有意的疾病传入——天花、麻疹、疟疾,以及病媒——大幅减少了原住民人口。美洲主粮养活了欧亚非并在营养上使其受益,而使用强制劳动之种植园所产的经济作物则被出口。非洲人带来了秋葵与稻米。