Environment and Resources · 环境与资源
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| As human activity contributed to deforestation/æz ˈhjuːmən ækˈtɪvɪti kənˈtrɪbjuːtɪd tə diːˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃn/ | 森林砍伐 | sēn lín kǎn fá |
| desertification/dɪˌzɜːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ | 荒漠化 | huāng mò huà |
| The release of greenhouse gases/ðə rɪˈliːs ɒv ˈɡriːnhaʊs ˈɡæsɪz/ | 温室气体 | wēn shì qì tǐ |
| and pollutants into the atmosphere contributed to debates about the nature and causes of climate change | 气候变化 | qì hòu biàn huà |
Four named environmental changes
- As human activity contributed to deforestation 森林砍伐, desertification 荒漠化, a decline in air quality, and increased consumption of the world's supply of fresh water, humans competed over these and other resources more intensely than ever before.
- The CED's structure is causal: human activity produced the changes, and the changes produced competition.
- So the environmental subtopic is also a political one — scarcity is a cause of conflict.
四项被点名的环境变化
- 森林砍伐(deforestation)、荒漠化(desertification)、空气质量下降,以及对世界淡水供应消耗的增加,人类对这些及其他资源的争夺比以往任何时候都更激烈。
- CED 的结构是因果性的:人类活动造成了这些变化,而这些变化造成了争夺。
- 因此环境这一小节同时也是政治性的——稀缺是冲突的一个成因。
Select all · 所有 four environmental changes the CED names. · 选择CED指出的全部四个环境变化。
The sentence then names competition as their consequence. · 该句随后将竞争列为其后果。
Fresh water is the sharpest case
- The CED singles out increased consumption of the world's supply of fresh water.
- Water cannot be substituted, is often shared across borders, and is needed by agriculture, industry and households at once.
- So it is the resource where the competition the CED names is most direct.
淡水是最尖锐的案例
- CED 单独点出了对世界淡水供应消耗的增加。
- 水无可替代,常常跨境共享,而且农业、工业与家户同时都需要它。
- 因此它是 CED 所说那种争夺最为直接的资源。
The CED's sentence ends by naming... · CED的句子以命名……结束
So scarcity belongs in the effects paragraph. · 因此稀缺性应归入影响段落。
Greenhouse gases and debate
- The release of greenhouse gases 温室气体 and pollutants into the atmosphere contributed to debates about the nature and causes of climate change 气候变化.
- The CED describes a debate, and a history course examines the debate as a historical development.
- So the historian's question here is who argued what, when, and with what consequences for policy.
温室气体与争论
- 温室气体(greenhouse gases)与污染物向大气的排放,引发了关于气候变化(climate change)性质与成因的争论。
- CED 描述的是一场争论,而一门历史课程把这场争论当作一项历史发展来考察。
- 因此历史学者在这里的问题是:谁在何时主张了什么,以及对政策产生了什么后果。
Cause, environmental change, or a further effect? · 原因、环境变化或进一步的影响？
Sort each item in the CED's causal chain. · 排序CED因果链中的每一项。
Greenhouse gases and pollutants contributed to ____ about the nature and causes of climate change. · 温室气体和污染物加剧了关于气候变化性质和原因的____。
A history course examines the debate as a historical development. · 历史课程将这一争论作为历史发展来考察。
Competition is one of the CED's stated effects, not an aside. The sentence ends humans competed over these and other resources more intensely than ever before — so scarcity belongs in the effects paragraph, and it connects this subtopic to the conflicts of units 7 and 8.
**争夺是 CED 明确列出的效果之一,不是旁白。**那句话以"人类对这些及其他资源的争夺比以往任何时候都更激烈"结束——因此稀缺属于"结果"那一段,而它把本小节与第七、第八单元的冲突连了起来。
The CED singles out fresh water partly because it... · CED特别指出淡水是因为它……
Agriculture, industry and households need it at once. · 农业、工业和家庭需同时使用它。
Where the pressure comes from
- The causes are in units 5, 6 and 9: industrial production, export economies organised around extraction, and a population sustained by the Green Revolution.
- So environmental change in this unit is the accumulated consequence of the previous four units' economics.
- Saying which earlier development produced a given pressure is what makes an answer historical rather than descriptive.
压力从何而来
- 成因在第五、第六与第九单元之中:工业生产、围绕开采组织起来的出口型经济,以及由绿色革命所维持的人口。
- 因此本单元中的环境变化,是此前四个单元之经济学的累积后果。
- 说出是哪一项此前的发展造成了某一项压力,正是让答案成为历史性而非描述性的原因。
Match each pressure to the earlier unit that produced it. · 将每项压力与产生它的早期单元匹配。
Naming the earlier development makes the answer historical. · 命名早期发展使答案具有历史性。
Causes and effects
- The objective is the causes and effects of environmental changes in the period from 1900 to present.
- Causes: industrial and agricultural expansion, energy use, and population growth.
- Effects: deforestation, desertification, air quality, water consumption — and, the CED adds, more intense competition and debate.
成因与结果
- 这一目标是1900 年至今环境变化的成因与结果。
- 成因:工业与农业的扩张、能源使用,以及人口增长。
- 结果:森林砍伐、荒漠化、空气质量、水消耗——而且 CED 还补充了更激烈的争夺与争论。
A river crosses three states. Upstream irrigation expands to feed a growing population; downstream cities and farms receive less. Nothing illegal has happened and no one has attacked anyone, and the three states now have a dispute that did not exist before — which is exactly the competition the CED's sentence names.
一条河流经三个国家。上游的灌溉为养活不断增长的人口而扩张;下游的城市与农田得到的水变少了。没有发生任何违法的事,也没有人攻击任何人,而这三个国家如今有了一场此前并不存在的争端——这正是 CED 那句话所点出的争夺。
Human activity contributed to deforestation, desertification, a decline in air quality and increased consumption of fresh water, and humans competed over these and other resources more intensely than ever before. The release of greenhouse gases and pollutants contributed to debates about the nature and causes of climate change. The causes lie in units 5, 6 and 9.
人类活动造成了森林砍伐、荒漠化、空气质量下降与淡水消耗的增加,而人类对这些及其他资源的争夺比以往任何时候都更激烈。 **温室气体与污染物的排放,引发了关于气候变化性质与成因的争论。**成因在第五、第六与第九单元之中。