Disease and Population · 疾病与人口
Three categories of disease
- Diseases associated with poverty persisted while other diseases emerged as new epidemics and threats to human populations, in some cases leading to social disruption.
- The CED's three categories: diseases associated with poverty (malaria, tuberculosis, cholera), emergent epidemic diseases (the 1918 influenza pandemic, Ebola, HIV/AIDS), and diseases associated with increased longevity (heart disease, Alzheimer's).
- Sorting a disease into the right category is most of the analysis.
疾病的三个类别
- 与贫困相关的疾病持续存在,而另一些疾病则作为新的流行病与对人类人口的威胁出现,在某些情况下导致社会动荡。
- CED 的三个类别:与贫困相关的疾病(疟疾、结核病、霍乱)、新出现的流行病(1918 年流感大流行、埃博拉、艾滋病),以及与寿命延长相关的疾病(心脏病、阿尔茨海默病)。
- 把一种疾病归入正确的类别,就完成了分析的大部分。
Select all · 所有 the diseases the CED associates with poverty. · 选出 CED 与贫困相关联的所有疾病。
Alzheimer's is in the longevity category. · 阿尔茨海默病属于寿命延长那一类。
Poverty diseases persisted
- The CED's verb is persisted, and it is chosen carefully: these are treatable and preventable conditions that continued anyway.
- So their persistence is a fact about distribution — of clean water, of medicines, of clinics — rather than about medical knowledge.
- That makes them evidence for the inequality claims of 9.5 as well as for this subtopic.
贫困相关疾病持续存在
- CED 用的动词是持续存在,而这是精心选择的:这些是可治疗、可预防的疾病,却依然延续下来。
- 因此它们的持续,是关于分配的事实——洁净水、药物、诊所的分配——而不是关于医学知识的事实。
- 这使它们既是本小节的证据,也是 9.5 中不平等主张的证据。
The CED's verb for poverty-associated diseases is persisted, which points to... · CED 用于贫困相关疾病的动词是"持续存在",这指向……
These are treatable and preventable conditions that continued anyway. · 这些是可治疗、可预防的疾病,却依然延续下来。
Outbreaks drove advances
- These outbreaks spurred technological and medical advances.
- So the causal arrow runs both ways in this subtopic: disease changes societies, and societies answer with research.
- An answer that treats epidemics only as damage has missed the CED's own second clause.
疫情推动了进步
- 这些疫情推动了技术与医学的进步。
- 因此本小节中的因果箭头是双向的:疾病改变社会,而社会以研究作答。
- 只把流行病当作损害的答案,漏掉了 CED 自己的第二个分句。
Follow disease and medicine together · 把疾病与医学放在一起追踪
The CED pairs medical advance with the diseases that persisted, and the pairing is the point. · CED 把医学进步与持续存在的疾病并置,这一并置本身就是要点。
Epidemics in this period spurred technological and medical advances. · 这一时期的流行病推动了技术与医学的进步。
The causal arrow runs both ways — an answer treating epidemics only as damage misses that. · 因果箭头是双向的——只把流行病当作损害的答案会漏掉这一点。
A rising rate can be evidence of success. The CED says some diseases occurred at higher incidence merely because of increased longevity — heart disease and Alzheimer's rise partly because the causes of death that used to come first were defeated.
发病率上升可以是成功的证据。CED 说有些疾病发病率上升仅仅是因为寿命延长——心脏病与阿尔茨海默病的增多,部分原因是那些从前先夺走生命的死因已被战胜。
Some diseases occurred at higher incidence ____ because of increased longevity. · 有些疾病发病率上升,____ 是因为寿命延长。
So a rising rate can be evidence that an earlier cause of death was defeated. · 因此发病率上升可以是某种更早死因已被战胜的证据。
Some diseases rose because people lived longer
- Some diseases occurred at higher incidence merely because of increased longevity.
- Merely is the CED's own word: the rise in heart disease and Alzheimer's is a consequence of 9.1's medical success.
- So a rising rate is not automatically bad news — it can be evidence that an earlier cause of death was defeated.
有些疾病增多是因为人活得更久
- 有些疾病发病率上升,仅仅是因为寿命延长了。
- "仅仅"是 CED 自己的用词:心脏病与阿尔茨海默病的增多,是 9.1 医学成就的后果。
- 因此发病率上升并不自动就是坏消息——它可以是某种更早的死因已被战胜的证据。
Match each disease category to its population effect. · 把每个疾病类别与其人口效应配对。
Pairing a category with an effect is the shape of the answer. · 把类别与效应配对,正是答案的形状。
Environmental factors and populations
- The objective is how environmental factors affected human populations over time.
- Disease is treated here as an environmental factor, alongside the resource and climate material of 9.3.
- So an answer can pair a disease category with a population effect: persistence with sustained mortality, emergence with disruption, longevity with a changed age structure.
环境因素与人口
- 这一目标是环境因素如何随时间影响人类人口。
- 疾病在这里被当作一项环境因素,与 9.3 的资源与气候材料并列。
- 因此答案可以把某个疾病类别与一种人口效应配对:持续存在对应持续的死亡率、新出现对应社会动荡、寿命延长对应年龄结构的改变。
Two societies report rising heart-disease rates. In one, more people are reaching seventy; in the other, diets and work have changed. The number is the same and the explanation is not — which is why the CED's word merely matters and why the category must be named before the rate is interpreted.
两个社会都报告心脏病发病率上升。在其中一个,是更多人活到了七十岁;在另一个,是饮食与劳作方式变了。数字相同,解释却不同——这正是 CED 的"仅仅"一词重要的原因,也是必须先说出类别再解释这个数字的原因。
Diseases associated with poverty persisted (malaria, tuberculosis, cholera) while other diseases emerged as new epidemics (1918 influenza, Ebola, HIV/AIDS), in some cases leading to social disruption. These outbreaks spurred technological and medical advances. Some diseases occurred at higher incidence merely because of increased longevity — heart disease, Alzheimer's.
与贫困相关的疾病持续存在(疟疾、结核病、霍乱),而另一些疾病作为新的流行病出现(1918 年流感、埃博拉、艾滋病),在某些情况下导致社会动荡。这些疫情推动了技术与医学的进步。 有些疾病发病率上升,仅仅是因为寿命延长——心脏病、阿尔茨海默病。