Reactions to the Industrial Economy · 对工业经济的反应
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| In industrialised states, many workers organised themselves, often in labour unions | 工会 | gōng huì |
| Discontent with established power structures encouraged the development of various ideologies, including those espoused by Karl Marx, and the ideas of socialism | 社会主义 | shè huì zhǔ yì |
| and communism/ænd ˈkɒmjuːnɪzəm/ | 共产主义 | gòng chǎn zhǔ yì |
Workers organised
- In industrialised states, many workers organised themselves, often in labour unions 工会, to improve working conditions, limit hours and gain higher wages.
- Three concrete demands, and all three concern the terms of work rather than its ownership.
- Workers' movements and political parties emerged in different areas, promoting alternative visions of society.
工人组织起来
- 工会(labour unions)的形式,以改善工作条件、限制工时并争取更高工资。
- 三项具体诉求,而三者关乎的都是劳动的条件,而不是它的所有权。
- 工人运动与政党在不同地区出现,倡导关于社会的替代性构想。
Select all · 所有 the demands the CED says workers organised for. · 选择CED指出的工人组织诉求的所有项目。
Ownership is what socialism and communism proposed — a different response. · 所有权是社会主义和共产主义提出的主张——这是一种不同的回应。
Governments reformed
- In response to the social and economic changes brought about by industrial capitalism, some governments, organisations and individuals promoted various types of political, social, educational and urban reforms.
- Four kinds of reform in one sentence — and the CED credits governments, organisations and individuals.
- Urban reform is the one students forget: sanitation, housing and water are answers to 5.9's public health crises.
政府进行改革
- 为回应工业资本主义带来的社会与经济变化,一些政府、组织与个人推动了各类政治、社会、教育与城市改革。
- 一句话里有四类改革——而且 CED 同时肯定了政府、组织与个人。
- 城市改革是学生会忘记的那一类:卫生、住房与供水,正是对 5.9 中公共卫生危机的回答。
Select all · 所有 four kinds of reform the CED names. · 选择CED命名的所有四种改革类型。
Urban reform is the one students forget — sanitation, housing, water. · 城市改革是学生容易忘记的一项——包括卫生、住房和供水。
New ideologies
- Discontent with established power structures encouraged the development of various ideologies, including those espoused by Karl Marx, and the ideas of socialism 社会主义 and communism 共产主义.
- These are not reforms of the industrial economy but alternatives to it — the difference matters in an exam answer.
- A union asks for shorter hours; an ideology asks who should own the factory.
新的意识形态
- 社会主义(socialism)共产主义(communism)的观念。
- 这些不是对工业经济的改革,而是它的替代方案——这一差别在考场答案中很重要。
- 工会要求缩短工时;意识形态则追问工厂应当归谁所有。
Which kind of response is this? · 这是哪种类型的反应？
Sort each reaction to the industrial economy. · 对工业经济的每种反应进行排序。
Select all · 所有 the states the CED names as seeking reform and modernisation. · 选择CED指出的寻求改革和现代化的所有国家。
Britain and Belgium were already the industrialising states being responded to. · 英国和比利时已经是被回应的工业化国家。
A union and an ideology are different responses. Unions sought better conditions, hours and wages — the terms of work. Socialism and communism proposed alternative visions of society — who should own production. Treating them as the same reaction blurs a distinction the CED states in two separate bullets.
工会与意识形态是不同的反应。工会争取的是更好的条件、工时与工资——即劳动的条件。社会主义与共产主义提出的是关于社会的替代性构想——即生产应当归谁所有。把两者当作同一种反应,模糊了 CED 在两条不同要点中所作的区分。
Reform efforts in the Ottoman Empire and Qing China were resisted mainly from outside. · 奥斯曼帝国和清朝的改革努力主要受到外界的阻力。
The CED says some members of government or established elite groups resisted. · CED指出一些政府成员或既得精英群体进行了抵制。
Reform outside the industrial core
- In response to the expansion of industrialising states, some governments in Asia and Africa, including the Ottoman Empire and Qing China, sought to reform and modernise their economies and militaries.
- Reform efforts were often resisted by some members of government or established elite groups.
- So reform was internally contested — the obstacle was frequently inside the state, not outside it.
工业核心之外的改革
- 为回应工业化国家的扩张,亚洲与非洲的一些政府,包括奥斯曼帝国与清代中国,谋求改革并使其经济与军队现代化。
- 改革努力常常遭到政府内部某些成员或既有精英群体的抵制。
- 因此改革在内部是有争议的——阻力往往在国家内部,而不在外部。
Match each response to what it changes. · 将每种反应与其改变的内容匹配。
Naming the kind is the difference between listing events and explaining a reaction. · 命名类型是列出事件与解释反应之间的区别。
Sorting the responses
- Four different responses sit in this subtopic, and an answer should say which kind it is describing.
- Organise (unions), reform (governments and individuals), replace (socialism, communism), catch up (Ottoman and Qing modernisation).
- Naming the kind is the difference between listing events and explaining a reaction.
给这些反应分类
- 本小节里坐着四种不同的反应,而答案应当说明它描述的是哪一种。
- 组织起来(工会)、改革(政府与个人)、取而代之(社会主义、共产主义)、迎头赶上(奥斯曼与清代的现代化)。
- 点出类别,正是罗列事件与解释一种反应之间的分别。
Ottoman and Qing reformers face the same obstacle: the changes needed to build modern arsenals and railways threaten the position of the very elites who would have to approve them. That is why the CED writes that reform was often resisted by some members of government — the fight was inside the palace.
奥斯曼与清代的改革者面对同一个障碍:建造现代兵工厂与铁路所需的变革,恰恰威胁到那些必须批准这些变革之精英的地位。这正是 CED 写下改革"常常遭到政府内部某些成员抵制"的原因——那场斗争发生在宫墙之内。
Workers organised in labour unions for conditions, hours and wages; workers' movements and parties promoted alternative visions. Governments, organisations and individuals promoted political, social, educational and urban reforms. Discontent encouraged socialism and communism. Ottoman and Qing governments sought to reform and modernise, and reform was often resisted from inside.
工人以工会形式组织起来,争取条件、工时与工资;工人运动与政党倡导替代性构想。政府、组织与个人推动了政治、社会、教育与城市改革。 不满推动了社会主义与共产主义。 奥斯曼与清政府谋求改革与现代化,而改革常常遭到内部抵制。