Machines, Fossil Fuels and Distance · 机器、化石燃料与距离
Energy stored underground
- The development of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion engine, made it possible to take advantage of both existing and vast newly discovered resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil.
- The fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies.
- This is the largest single change in the unit: before it, energy came from muscle, wind and falling water, all of which are limited by the weather and the day.
储存在地下的能量
- 机器的发展,包括蒸汽机与内燃机,使人们得以利用既有的、以及新发现的储存于化石燃料(具体为煤与石油)中的庞大能量资源。
- 化石燃料革命极大地增加了人类社会可获得的能量。
- 这是本单元最大的单一变化:在此之前,能量来自肌肉、风与落水,而它们都受制于天气与昼夜。
Select all · 所有 the fossil fuels the CED specifies. · 选出 CED 明确点出的所有化石燃料。
Wood is a renewable fuel and is listed among industrial resources, not fossil fuels. · 木材是可再生燃料,被列在工业资源之中,而不是化石燃料。
A second wave of industries
- The "second industrial revolution" led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century.
- The first wave was textiles, iron and steam; the second is heavier, more chemical, and more electrical.
- Precision machinery matters because it lets machines make the parts for other machines — which is how industry accelerates itself.
第二波产业
- "第二次工业革命"在十九世纪下半叶,带来了钢铁、化工、电力与精密机械生产的新方法。
- 第一波是纺织、铁与蒸汽;第二波更重型、更偏化学、也更偏电力。
- 精密机械之所以重要,是因为它让机器能够制造其他机器的零件——工业正是这样自我加速的。
Select all · 所有 the second industrial revolution's new methods. · 选出第二次工业革命的所有新方法。
Cotton spinning belongs to the first wave. · 棉纺属于第一波。
Three technologies that shrank distance
- Railroads, steamships and the telegraph made exploration, development and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration.
- Interior regions is the operative phrase: before these, bulk transport meant water, so inland areas stayed out of the world market.
- The telegraph separates a message from a messenger for the first time in history.
三项缩短距离的技术
- 铁路、蒸汽船与电报,使全球内陆地区的勘探、开发与通讯成为可能,从而带来了贸易与移民的增加。
- "内陆地区"是关键措辞:在此之前,大宗运输意味着水路,因此内陆一直被排除在世界市场之外。
- 电报在历史上第一次把讯息与信使分开了。
Follow the machines to the shrinking of distance · 从机器追到距离的缩短
The second industrial revolution is a label until the mechanism is attached. · 第二次工业革命在机制被说清之前只是一个标签。
Railroads, steamships and the telegraph are named for making possible... · 铁路、蒸汽船与电报被点名,是因为它们使……成为可能
Before them, bulk transport meant water. · 在它们之前,大宗运输意味着水路。
Railroads and telegraphs are named for what they opened, not for their speed. The CED says they made exploration, development and communication possible in interior regions globally — before them, bulk transport meant water, and inland areas stayed outside the world market.
铁路与电报被点名,是因为它们打开了什么,而不是因为它们的速度。CED 说它们使全球内陆地区的勘探、开发与通讯成为可能——在此之前,大宗运输意味着水路,内陆一直被排除在世界市场之外。
The fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the ____ available to human societies. · 化石燃料革命极大地增加了人类社会可获得的 ____。
Before it, energy came from muscle, wind and falling water. · 在此之前,能量来自肌肉、风与落水。
Technology shaped production
- The objective is how technology shaped economic production over time, so each technology needs a production consequence.
- Steam frees a factory from a riverbank; railways let raw materials come from inland and finished goods go back.
- Electricity and precision machinery raise both the scale and the accuracy of what can be made.
技术塑造生产
- 这一目标是技术如何随时间塑造经济生产,因此每项技术都需要对应一个生产上的后果。
- 蒸汽让工厂摆脱了河岸;铁路让原材料得以来自内陆、制成品得以运回内陆。
- 电力与精密机械则同时提高了可制造之物的规模与精度。
Match each technology to its production consequence. · 把每项技术与其生产后果配对。
Each technology needs a production consequence, not just a description. · 每项技术都需要一个生产上的后果,而不只是一段描述。
Trade and migration follow
- The CED's own sentence ends with increased trade and migration — the technologies are causes, and those are the effects.
- Unit 6 will take that migration and make a whole subtopic of it.
- So 5.5 is where the machinery of the next unit is installed.
贸易与移民随之而来
- CED 自己那句话以贸易与移民的增加作结——这些技术是原因,而那两项是结果。
- 第六单元会把那场移民单独展开为一个小节。
- 因此 5.5 正是下一单元的机器被安装进来的地方。
A cotton region five hundred miles from any navigable river is worth nothing to a world market until a railway reaches it. Once it does, the same acres feed a factory on another continent — and the people who worked those acres begin to move. Trade and migration are one consequence, not two.
一个距任何可通航河流五百英里的产棉区,在铁路抵达之前,对世界市场毫无价值。铁路一旦到达,同样的田亩就开始供养另一个大陆上的工厂——而在那些田亩上劳作的人也开始迁移。贸易与移民是同一个后果,不是两个。
Steam engines and the internal combustion engine unlocked energy stored in fossil fuels — coal and oil — greatly increasing the energy available to human societies. The second industrial revolution brought steel, chemicals, electricity and precision machinery. Railroads, steamships and the telegraph opened interior regions globally, leading to increased trade and migration.
蒸汽机与内燃机释放了储存于化石燃料(煤与石油)中的能量,极大增加了人类社会可获得的能量。第二次工业革命带来了钢铁、化工、电力与精密机械。铁路、蒸汽船与电报打开了全球的内陆地区,带来了贸易与移民的增加。