Industry Spreads, and Shares Shift · 工业扩散与份额转移
From northwestern Europe outward
- As new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, Russia and Japan.
- The CED names the receiving places precisely, and two of them are outside the West.
- So the story of the spread of industry is not a story about one civilisation.
自西北欧向外
- 随着新的工业生产方法在西北欧部分地区日益普及,它们扩散到欧洲其他地区,以及美国、俄国与日本。
- CED 精确点出了接收地,而其中两个在西方之外。
- 因此工业扩散的故事,并不是一个关于单一文明的故事。
Select all · 所有 the places the CED says industrial methods spread to. · 选择CED指出的工业方法扩散到的所有地区。
Two of the named receivers are outside the West. · 两个被提及的接受者位于西方之外。
Shares of global manufacturing moved
- The rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the U.S. contributed to the increase in these regions' share of global manufacturing during the first Industrial Revolution.
- While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods, these regions' share in global manufacturing declined.
- Continued to produce is the CED's careful qualifier: this is a change in share, not the disappearance of an industry.
全球制造业份额在移动
- 蒸汽动力工业生产在欧洲国家与美国的迅速发展,促成了这些地区在第一次工业革命期间全球制造业份额的上升。
- 而中东与亚洲国家虽然继续生产制成品,这些地区在全球制造业中的份额却下降了。
- "继续生产"是 CED 谨慎的限定语:这是份额的变化,不是某个产业的消失。
The primary mechanism behind falling Asian and Middle Eastern shares was... · 亚洲和中东份额下降的主要机制是……
The CED's qualifier is continued to produce. · CED的限定词是continued to produce（继续生产）。
Three industries that lost share
- The CED names them: shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia, iron works in India, and textile production in India and Egypt.
- All three were substantial industries with long histories, not workshops.
- So the decline is a relative one caused by others growing faster — and in some cases by policy, which 6.5 will call economic imperialism.
三个失去份额的产业
- CED 点名了它们:印度与东南亚的造船业、印度的冶铁业,以及印度与埃及的纺织业。
- 三者都是历史悠久的大型产业,而不是作坊。
- 因此这一衰落是相对的,由他者增长更快所致——而在某些情况下也由政策所致,第 6.5 小节会称之为经济帝国主义。
Where industry spread, what lost share, or the mechanism? · 工业扩散的地区，什么失去了份额，或是机制是什么？
Sort each item in the spread of industry. · 对工业扩散中的每一项进行归类。
Select all · 所有 the industries the CED names as losing share. · 选择CED命名的所有失去份额的行业。
Chinese porcelain belongs to units 1 and 2. · 中国瓷器属于第1和第2单元。
A falling share is not the same as falling output. The CED says Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods while their share declined — so the primary mechanism is others growing much faster, and an answer describing Asian industry vanishing has read a relative change as an absolute one.
份额下降不等于产量下降。CED 说中东与亚洲国家继续生产制成品,而它们的份额下降——因此主要机制是他者增长快得多,而把亚洲工业描述为消失的答案,把一个相对变化读成了绝对变化。
Match each aspect to what changed. · 将每个方面与其变化匹配。
The objective names modes and locations. · 目标同时指出了生产方式和生产地点。
Modes and locations, both
- The objective is how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time.
- Mode: from household and workshop production to the factory and steam power.
- Location: from where skilled artisans lived to where coal, water and capital happened to be.
方式与地点,两者兼有
- 这一目标是不同的生产方式与地点如何随时间发展与变化。
- 方式:从家户与作坊生产,转向工厂与蒸汽动力。
- 地点:从熟练工匠居住之处,转向煤、水与资本恰好所在之处。
Indian textile production stopped during the first Industrial Revolution. · 第一次工业革命期间，印度纺织生产停止了。
The CED says these countries continued to produce while their share declined. · CED指出这些国家在其份额下降的同时continued to produce（继续生产）。
Writing about a shifting share
- A share can fall for two different reasons: you produce less, or others produce far more.
- The CED says Asian and Middle Eastern producers continued to produce, so the second is the primary mechanism.
- Saying which mechanism you mean is the difference between a precise answer and a vague one.
书写份额的转移
- 份额下降有两种不同的原因:你生产得更少,或别人生产得多得多。
- CED 说亚洲与中东的生产者继续生产,因此第二种是主要机制。
- 说清你指的是哪一种机制,正是精确答案与含糊答案之间的分别。
Indian textile production continues; British mechanised output rises many times faster. India's share of the world total falls while its looms are still working. Both facts are true at once, and only naming the mechanism — relative growth elsewhere — keeps them from contradicting each other.
印度的纺织生产在继续;而英国的机械化产出上升得快出许多倍。印度在世界总量中的份额下降,而它的织机仍在运转。两个事实同时为真,而只有点出机制——他处的相对增长——才能让它们互不矛盾。
Industrial methods spread from northwestern Europe to other parts of Europe, the United States, Russia and Japan. Steam-powered production raised European and U.S. shares of global manufacturing, while Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce but their share declined — shipbuilding, iron works and textiles in India, Southeast Asia and Egypt.
工业方法自西北欧扩散到欧洲其他地区、美国、俄国与日本。蒸汽动力生产提高了欧美在全球制造业中的份额,而中东与亚洲国家继续生产,其份额却下降——涉及印度、东南亚与埃及的造船、冶铁与纺织。