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HSK 3

ฝึกคำศัพท์ทั้งหมด
  • 1

    การอธิบาย & ระดับ

    ดูบทเรียน
    เปิดหัวข้อนี้เป็นหน้าแยกต่างหาก

    โปรแกรมการเรียนรู้มาเร็วๆ นี้

    เอกสารประกอบการเรียน

    Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

    Adjective + extremely极了jí le (extremely)

    A trip receives an enthusiastic review

    • A friend asks whether you enjoyed the holiday.
    • 这次zhè cìto travel旅行lǚ xíngsuper棒极了bàng jí le！ — The speaker gives a very strong positive evaluation.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Adjective + extremely极了jí le (extremely). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    this这个zhè geแนวคิด主意zhǔ yiดี好hǎoextremely极了jí le。

    Read examples in context

    that那个nà geboy男孩nán háiannoying讨厌tǎo yànextremely极了jí le！

    • In the opening example, 这次zhè cìto travel旅行lǚ xíngsuper棒极了bàng jí le！: The speaker gives a very strong positive evaluation.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • extremely极了jí le follows an appropriate descriptive word and includes (completed / change)了le as part of this frame.
    • It can describe unpleasant feelings too, but not every adjective has a natural extremely极了jí le combination.

    Use the distinction

    • The speaker gives a very strong positive evaluation.
    • extremely极了jí le follows an appropriate descriptive word and includes (completed / change)了le as part of this frame. It can describe unpleasant feelings too, but not every adjective has a natural extremely极了jí le combination.

    Try it with help closed

    A friend asks whether you enjoyed the holiday. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: 这次zhè cìto travel旅行lǚ xíngsuper棒极了bàng jí le！

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • extremely极了jí le follows an appropriate descriptive word and includes (completed / change)了le as part of this frame.
    • It can describe unpleasant feelings too, but not every adjective has a natural extremely极了jí le combination.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    การทำซ้ำ Adj (AA / AABB)

    A room is ready for a guest

    • You describe a room that has been thoroughly tidied.
    • room房间fáng jiān干干净净gān gān jìng jìng(modifier / structural particle)的de。 — The repeated adjective gives a vivid description of the clean room.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is การทำซ้ำ Adj (AA / AABB). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    the baby宝宝bǎo bao的deeyes眼睛yǎn jīngbig and round大大的dà dà de。

    Read examples in context

    I我wǒwant to想xiǎngcomfortably舒舒服服shū shū fú fú地delie躺tǎngon在zàithe sofa沙发上shā fā shàng。

    • In the opening example, room房间fáng jiān干干净净gān gān jìng jìng(modifier / structural particle)的de。: The repeated adjective gives a vivid description of the clean room.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • clean干净gān jìng can become 干干净净gān gān jìng jìng, but this is a lexical pattern, not a rule for every two-character adjective.
    • snow white雪白xuě bái can use snow white雪白xuě báisnow white雪白xuě bái rather than AABB. Learn attested forms.

    Use the distinction

    • The repeated adjective gives a vivid description of the clean room.
    • clean干净gān jìng can become 干干净净gān gān jìng jìng, but this is a lexical pattern, not a rule for every two-character adjective. snow white雪白xuě bái can use snow white雪白xuě báisnow white雪白xuě bái rather than AABB. Learn attested forms.

    Try it with help closed

    You describe a room that has been thoroughly tidied. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: room房间fáng jiān干干净净gān gān jìng jìng(modifier / structural particle)的de。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • clean干净gān jìng can become 干干净净gān gān jìng jìng, but this is a lexical pattern, not a rule for every two-character adjective.
    • snow white雪白xuě bái can use snow white雪白xuě báisnow white雪白xuě bái rather than AABB. Learn attested forms.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Adjective + (adverb -ly)地de + Verb (making an adverb)

    A teacher reads with care

    • A teacher examines an essay carefully rather than rushing through it.
    • teacher老师lǎo shīconscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地deto see看kàn(completed / change)了leI / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的deto write an essay作文zuò wén。 — conscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地de describes how the teacher read the essay.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Adjective + (adverb -ly)地de + Verb (making an adverb). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    he他tāhappy高兴gāo xìng地desmiled笑xiào了le。

    Read examples in context

    the teacher老师lǎo shīcareful认真rèn zhēn地deread看kàn了lemy我的wǒ deessay作文zuò wén。

    • In the opening example, teacher老师lǎo shīconscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地deto see看kàn(completed / change)了leI / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的deto write an essay作文zuò wén。: conscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地de describes how the teacher read the essay.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • The manner phrase comes before to see看kàn.
    • Compare ( เปรียบเทียบ ) conscientious认真rèn zhēn(modifier / structural particle)的deteacher老师lǎo shī, where (modifier / structural particle)的de describes the teacher, and teacher老师lǎo shīto see看kàn(degree marker)得dedegree / adjective linker很hěnconscientious认真rèn zhēn, where (degree marker)得de introduces an assessment of the reading.

    Use the distinction

    • conscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地de describes how the teacher read the essay.
    • The manner phrase comes before to see看kàn. Compare conscientious认真rèn zhēn(modifier / structural particle)的deteacher老师lǎo shī, where (modifier / structural particle)的de describes the teacher, and teacher老师lǎo shīto see看kàn(degree marker)得dedegree / adjective linker很hěnconscientious认真rèn zhēn, where (degree marker)得de introduces an assessment of the reading.

    Try it with help closed

    A teacher examines an essay carefully rather than rushing through it. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: teacher老师lǎo shīconscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地deto see看kàn(completed / change)了leI / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的deto write an essay作文zuò wén。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • The manner phrase comes before to see看kàn.
    • Compare ( เปรียบเทียบ ) conscientious认真rèn zhēn(modifier / structural particle)的deteacher老师lǎo shī, where (modifier / structural particle)的de describes the teacher, and teacher老师lǎo shīto see看kàn(degree marker)得dedegree / adjective linker很hěnconscientious认真rèn zhēn, where (degree marker)得de introduces an assessment of the reading.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    so much这么zhè me / like that那么nà me + Adjective (so …)

    A coat's price surprises a buyer

    • You look at a coat's price and find it much higher than expected.
    • 这件zhè jiànclothes衣服yī fúhow / why怎么zěn meso much这么zhè meexpensive贵guì？ — The buyer reacts to the surprisingly high price.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is so much这么zhè me / like that那么nà me + Adjective (so …). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    today今天jīn tiānhow come怎么zěn meso这么zhè meเย็น冷lěng？

    Read examples in context

    you你nǐso那么nà meclever聪明cōng mingsurely，一定yí dìngcan能néngguess it猜到cāi dào。

    • In the opening example, 这件zhè jiànclothes衣服yī fúhow / why怎么zěn meso much这么zhè meexpensive贵guì？: The buyer reacts to the surprisingly high price.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • so much这么zhè me often points to a degree currently in focus.
    • like that那么nà me can refer to a degree already mentioned; the distinction is not a literal distance measurement for every use.

    Use the distinction

    • The buyer reacts to the surprisingly high price.
    • so much这么zhè me often points to a degree currently in focus. like that那么nà me can refer to a degree already mentioned; the distinction is not a literal distance measurement for every use.

    Try it with help closed

    You look at a coat's price and find it much higher than expected. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: 这件zhè jiànclothes衣服yī fúhow / why怎么zěn meso much这么zhè meexpensive贵guì？

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • so much这么zhè me often points to a degree currently in focus.
    • like that那么nà me can refer to a degree already mentioned; the distinction is not a literal distance measurement for every use.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    A with / and跟gēn / and / with和hé B เหมือนเดิม一样yī yàng (the same as)

    Compare the size of two homes

    • Two homes have the same size, but their colours and locations differ.
    • 你家nǐ jiāwith / and跟gēn我家wǒ jiāเหมือนเดิม一样yī yàngsee 大夫大dà。 — The comparison asserts equality of size.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is A with / and跟gēn / and / with和hé B เหมือนเดิม一样yī yàng (the same as). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    your home你家nǐ jiāas跟gēnmy home我家wǒ jiāthe same一样yí yàngbig大dà。

    Read examples in context

    Beijing北京Běi jīng的deweather天气tiān qìและ和héShanghai上海Shàng hǎiไม่ใช่不bùthe same一样yí yàng。

    • In the opening example, 你家nǐ jiāwith / and跟gēn我家wǒ jiāเหมือนเดิม一样yī yàngsee 大夫大dà。: The comparison asserts equality of size.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • เหมือนเดิม一样yī yàngsee 大夫大dà names the compared property.
    • It does not claim that the homes are identical in every feature. with / and跟gēn และ and / with和hé both work in this comparison.

    Use the distinction

    • The comparison asserts equality of size.
    • เหมือนเดิม一样yī yàngsee 大夫大dà names the compared property. It does not claim that the homes are identical in every feature. with / and跟gēn และ and / with和hé both work in this comparison.

    Try it with help closed

    Two homes have the same size, but their colours and locations differ. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: 你家nǐ jiāwith / and跟gēn我家wǒ jiāเหมือนเดิม一样yī yàngsee 大夫大dà。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • เหมือนเดิม一样yī yàngsee 大夫大dà names the compared property.
    • It does not claim that the homes are identical in every feature. with / and跟gēn และ and / with和hé both work in this comparison.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    again又yòu … again又yòu … (both … and …)

    A product has a benefit and a drawback

    • A phone is expensive, but useful and attractive.
    • this这zhè部手机bù shǒu jīagain又yòuexpensive贵guìagain又yòuดี好hǎoto use / with用yòng。 — The speaker combines two qualities of the same phone.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is again又yòu … again又yòu … (both … and …). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    this这个zhè gehouse房子fáng ziทั้งสองอย่าง又yòubig大dàและ又yòuสว่าง亮liàng。

    Read examples in context

    ที่นี่这里zhè lǐ的decoffee咖啡kā fēiทั้งสองอย่าง又yòuexpensive贵guìและ又yòubad-tasting难喝nán hē。

    • In the opening example, this这zhè部手机bù shǒu jīagain又yòuexpensive贵guìagain又yòuดี好hǎoto use / with用yòng。: The speaker combines two qualities of the same phone.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • again又yòu…again又yòu… often groups similarly valued qualities, but mixed evaluations such as again又yòuexpensive贵guìagain又yòuดี好hǎoto use / with用yòng are possible.
    • It can also link actions, as in again又yòuto sing唱chàngagain又yòuto jump跳tiào; use one side一边yī biān…one side一边yī biān… when ongoing simultaneity is the focus.

    Use the distinction

    • The speaker combines two qualities of the same phone.
    • again又yòu…again又yòu… often groups similarly valued qualities, but mixed evaluations such as again又yòuexpensive贵guìagain又yòuดี好hǎoto use / with用yòng are possible. It can also link actions, as in again又yòuto sing唱chàngagain又yòuto jump跳tiào; use one side一边yī biān…one side一边yī biān… when ongoing simultaneity is the focus.

    Try it with help closed

    A phone is expensive, but useful and attractive. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: this这zhè部手机bù shǒu jīagain又yòuexpensive贵guìagain又yòuดี好hǎoto use / with用yòng。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • again又yòu…again又yòu… often groups similarly valued qualities, but mixed evaluations such as again又yòuexpensive贵guìagain又yòuดี好hǎoto use / with用yòng are possible.
    • It can also link actions, as in again又yòuto sing唱chàngagain又yòuto jump跳tiào; use one side一边yī biān…one side一边yī biān… when ongoing simultaneity is the focus.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Subject + fairly / rather比较bǐ jiào + Adjective (fairly, rather)

    Choose a relatively easy question

    • Compared with the other questions, this one seems fairly easy.
    • this这个zhè gequestion问题wèn tí比较简单bǐ jiào jiǎn dān。 — fairly / rather比较bǐ jiào gives a relative or qualified evaluation of simplicity.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Subject + fairly / rather比较bǐ jiào + Adjective (fairly, rather). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    this这个zhè gequestion问题wèn tífairly比较bǐ jiàoง่าย简单jiǎn dān。

    Read examples in context

    I我wǒrather比较bǐ jiàoprefer喜欢xǐ huantaking坐zuòthe subway地铁dì tiě。

    • In the opening example, this这个zhè gequestion问题wèn tí比较简单bǐ jiào jiǎn dān。: fairly / rather比较bǐ jiào gives a relative or qualified evaluation of simplicity.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • fairly / rather比较bǐ jiào can imply a comparison without naming its standard.
    • degree / adjective linker很hěn with an adjective can simply make a natural predicate, not always a strong very; do not build a fixed intensity ranking from the English translations.

    Use the distinction

    • fairly / rather比较bǐ jiào gives a relative or qualified evaluation of simplicity.
    • fairly / rather比较bǐ jiào can imply a comparison without naming its standard. degree / adjective linker很hěn with an adjective can simply make a natural predicate, not always a strong very; do not build a fixed intensity ranking from the English translations.

    Try it with help closed

    Compared with the other questions, this one seems fairly easy. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: this这个zhè gequestion问题wèn tí比较简单bǐ jiào jiǎn dān。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • fairly / rather比较bǐ jiào can imply a comparison without naming its standard.
    • degree / adjective linker很hěn with an adjective can simply make a natural predicate, not always a strong very; do not build a fixed intensity ranking from the English translations.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    many多duō + Adjective + (exclamation)啊a! (how …!)

    Admire a friend's skill

    • A child solves a difficult puzzle quickly and you praise the achievement.
    • you你nǐลูก女儿nǚ érmany多duōintelligent聪明cōng míng(exclamation)啊a！ — many多duōintelligent聪明cōng míng(exclamation)啊a expresses admiration rather than asking for a measurement.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is many多duō + Adjective + (exclamation)啊a! (how …!). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    your你nǐลูก女儿nǚ érอย่างไร多duōclever聪明cōng ming啊a！

    Read examples in context

    on your own一个人yí ge rénอย่างไร多duōnice好hǎo！

    • In the opening example, you你nǐลูก女儿nǚ érmany多duōintelligent聪明cōng míng(exclamation)啊a！: many多duōintelligent聪明cōng míng(exclamation)啊a expresses admiration rather than asking for a measurement.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • (exclamation)啊a is common in this exclamation, not compulsory in every exclamatory use of many多duō.
    • 多好duō hǎo！ is possible. Compare you你nǐmany多duōsee 大夫大dà？, which genuinely asks about age.

    Use the distinction

    • many多duōintelligent聪明cōng míng(exclamation)啊a expresses admiration rather than asking for a measurement.
    • (exclamation)啊a is common in this exclamation, not compulsory in every exclamatory use of many多duō. 多好duō hǎo！ is possible. Compare you你nǐmany多duōsee 大夫大dà？, which genuinely asks about age.

    Try it with help closed

    A child solves a difficult puzzle quickly and you praise the achievement. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: you你nǐลูก女儿nǚ érmany多duōintelligent聪明cōng míng(exclamation)啊a！

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • (exclamation)啊a is common in this exclamation, not compulsory in every exclamatory use of many多duō.
    • 多好duō hǎo！ is possible. Compare you你nǐmany多duōsee 大夫大dà？, which genuinely asks about age.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Adjective + (modifier / structural particle)的de + Noun (describing a noun)

    Ask for the cold drink

    • Two drinks are available, one cold and one hot.
    • 我要wǒ yàoเย็น冷lěng(modifier / structural particle)的de。 — เย็น冷lěng(modifier / structural particle)的de selects the cold one from the understood drinks.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Adjective + (modifier / structural particle)的de + Noun (describing a noun). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    beautiful漂亮piào liang的degirl女孩儿nǚ háir

    Read examples in context

    you你nǐwant要yàoเย็น冷lěng的deหรือ还是hái shìร้อน热rè的de？

    • In the opening example, 我要wǒ yàoเย็น冷lěng(modifier / structural particle)的de。: เย็น冷lěng(modifier / structural particle)的de selects the cold one from the understood drinks.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • The understood noun can be omitted after (modifier / structural particle)的de.
    • Descriptive modifiers often use (modifier / structural particle)的de, but established compounds such as important重要zhòng yàoquestion问题wèn tí หรือ fresh (experience, food etc)新鲜xīn xiānfruit水果shuǐ guǒ show that syllable count alone does not impose an absolute rule.

    Use the distinction

    • เย็น冷lěng(modifier / structural particle)的de selects the cold one from the understood drinks.
    • The understood noun can be omitted after (modifier / structural particle)的de. Descriptive modifiers often use (modifier / structural particle)的de, but established compounds such as important重要zhòng yàoquestion问题wèn tí หรือ fresh (experience, food etc)新鲜xīn xiānfruit水果shuǐ guǒ show that syllable count alone does not impose an absolute rule.

    Try it with help closed

    Two drinks are available, one cold and one hot. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: 我要wǒ yàoเย็น冷lěng(modifier / structural particle)的de。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • The understood noun can be omitted after (modifier / structural particle)的de.
    • Descriptive modifiers often use (modifier / structural particle)的de, but established compounds such as important重要zhòng yàoquestion问题wèn tí หรือ fresh (experience, food etc)新鲜xīn xiānfruit水果shuǐ guǒ show that syllable count alone does not impose an absolute rule.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    more and more越来越yuè lái yuè (more and more)

    Follow a change through the season

    • The weather becomes progressively colder as winter approaches.
    • weather天气tiān qìmore and more越来越yuè lái yuèเย็น冷lěng(completed / change)了le。 — more and more越来越yuè lái yuè describes increasing cold over time.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is more and more越来越yuè lái yuè (more and more). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    weather天气tiān qìmore and more越来越yuè lái yuèเย็น冷lěng了le。

    Read examples in context

    I我wǒmore and more越来越yuè lái yuèlike喜欢xǐ huanChinese中文Zhōng wén了le。

    • In the opening example, weather天气tiān qìmore and more越来越yuè lái yuèเย็น冷lěng(completed / change)了le。: more and more越来越yuè lái yuè describes increasing cold over time.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • The same form can describe a decrease in a measured quantity: ราคา价格jià gé越来越低yuè lái yuè dī means prices are getting lower.
    • It marks change in the following property, not an increase in every numerical value.

    Use the distinction

    • more and more越来越yuè lái yuè describes increasing cold over time.
    • The same form can describe a decrease in a measured quantity: ราคา价格jià gé越来越低yuè lái yuè dī means prices are getting lower. It marks change in the following property, not an increase in every numerical value.

    Try it with help closed

    The weather becomes progressively colder as winter approaches. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: weather天气tiān qìmore and more越来越yuè lái yuèเย็น冷lěng(completed / change)了le。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • The same form can describe a decrease in a measured quantity: ราคา价格jià gé越来越低yuè lái yuè dī means prices are getting lower.
    • It marks change in the following property, not an increase in every numerical value.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    คำศัพท์
    ฝึกฝน
    English ไทย
    maternal aunt 阿姨
    exclamation particle 啊
    short in height 矮
    to like 爱好
    quiet 安静
    object marker 把
    class 班
    to move 搬
    means 办法
    office 办公室
    half 半
    to help 帮忙
    to wrap 包
    full 饱
    north 北方
    passive marker 被
    nose 鼻子
    to compare 比较
    competition 比赛
    to have to 必须
    to change 变化
    to express 表示
    play 表演
    other people 别人
    guesthouse 宾馆
    icebox 冰箱
    only then 才
    menu 菜单
    to participate 参加
    grass 草
    layer 层
    poor 差
    supermarket 超市
    shirt 衬衫
    achievement 成绩
    city 城市
    to arrive late 迟到
    to appear 出现
    besides 除了
    kitchen 厨房
    spring 春
    word 词语
    intelligent 聪明
    to clean 打扫
    to plan 打算
    to bring 带
    anxious 担心
    cake 蛋糕
    only natural 当然
    adverbial particle 地
    area 地方
    underground railway 地铁
    map 地图
    lamp 灯
    low 低
    elevator 电梯
    electronic 电子
    east 东
    winter 冬
    animal 动物
    short 短
    section 段
    to toughen 锻炼
    how 多么
    hungry 饿
    but also 而且
    ear 耳朵
    to have a high temperature 发烧
    to notice 发现
    convenient 方便
    to put 放
    to feel relieved 放心
    minute 分
    nearby 附近
    to review 复习
    to dare 敢
    to catch cold 感冒
    clean 干净
    just now 刚才
    according to 根据
    with 跟
    more 更
    park 公园
    narrative 故事
    to blow 刮
    to close 关
    relation 关系
    to be concerned about 关心
    pertaining to 关于
    country 国家
    fruit juice 果汁
    past 过去
    still 还是
    to be afraid 害怕
    river 河
    blackboard 黑板
    passport 护照
    flower 花
    garden 花园
    to draw 画
    bad 坏
    environment 环境
    to exchange 换
    yellow 黄
    meeting 会议
    or 或者
    opportunity 机会
    extremely 极
    almost 几乎
    to remember 记得
    time 季节
    inspection 检查
    simple 简单
    to meet 见面
    health 健康
    to speak 讲
    ten cents 角
    foot 脚
    to teach 教
    to receive 接
    street 街道
    program 节目
    holiday 节日
    to marry 结婚
    termination 结束
    to solve 解决
    to borrow 借
    frequently 经常
    to pass 经过
    manager 经理
    a long time 久
    old (of things) 旧
    to conduct 举行
    sentence 句子
    to decide 决定
    adorable 可爱
    thirsty 渴
    quarter of an hour 刻
    visitor 客人
    air conditioning 空调
    mouth 口
    to cry 哭
    trousers 裤子
    chopsticks 筷子
    blue 蓝
    old 老
    to understand 了解
    to depart 离开
    gift 礼物
    history 历史
    face 脸
    to practice 练习
    measure word for vehicles 辆
    neighbor 邻居
    building 楼
    green 绿
    horse 马
    at once 马上
    satisfied 满意
    hat 帽子
    meter 米
    bread 面包
    noodles 面条
    clear 明白
    to take 拿
    grandma 奶奶
    south 南
    difficult 难
    to feel sad 难过
    grade 年级
    young 年轻
    bird 鸟
    to make an effort 努力
    to climb a mountain 爬山
    tray 盘子
    fat 胖
    beer 啤酒
    grape 葡萄
    Mandarin 普通话
    actually 其实
    other 其他
    strange 奇怪
    to ride 骑
    pencil 铅笔
    distinct 清楚
    autumn 秋
    skirt 裙子
    then 然后
    cordial 热情
    to believe 认为
    conscientious 认真
    easy 容易
    if 如果
    umbrella 伞
    to go online 上网
    to get angry 生气
    voice 声音
    to make 使
    world 世界
    thin 瘦
    father's younger brother 叔叔
    comfortable 舒服
    tree 树
    mathematics 数学
    to brush 刷
    pair 双
    level 水平
    chauffeur 司机
    although 虽然
    sun 太阳
    sugar 糖
    unusual 特别
    to hurt 疼
    to raise 提高
    sports 体育
    sweet 甜
    measure word for long thin things 条
    colleague 同事
    to agree 同意
    hair 头发
    sudden 突然
    library 图书馆
    leg 腿
    to complete 完成
    bowl 碗
    ten thousand 万
    to forget 忘记
    for 为了
    why? 为什么
    measure word for people 位
    culture 文化
    habit 习惯
    toilet 洗手间
    to bathe 洗澡
    west 西
    summer 夏
    first 先
    identical 相同
    to be convinced 相信
    banana 香蕉
    to resemble 像
    to be careful 小心
    president 校长
    shoe 鞋
    news 新闻
    fresh 新鲜
    letter 信
    suitcase 行李箱
    interest 兴趣
    panda 熊猫
    to need 需要
    to select 选择
    spectacles 眼镜
    to request 要求
    father's father 爷爷
    same 一般
    one side 一边
    surely 一定
    altogether 一共
    a moment 一会儿
    like 一样
    straight 一直
    after 以后
    before 以前
    to think 以为
    music 音乐
    bank 银行
    ought to 应该
    influence 影响
    to use 用
    game 游戏
    famous 有名
    again 又
    to run into 遇到
    to be willing 愿意
    the moon 月亮
    to exceed 越
    cloud 云
    to stand 站
    to take care of 照顾
    photograph 照片
    camera 照相机
    to worry 着急
    only 只
    the middle 中间
    at last 终于
    kind 种
    important 重要
    weekend 周末
    main 主要
    to take note of 注意
    to wish 祝
    Chinese character dictionary 字典
    oneself 自己
    always 总是
    recently 最近
    school assignment 作业
    to act on 作用
  • 2

    คำกริยาวิเศษณ์ — เวลา, จุดเน้น & ความถี่

    ดูบทเรียน
    เปิดหัวข้อนี้เป็นหน้าแยกต่างหาก

    โปรแกรมการเรียนรู้มาเร็วๆ นี้

    เอกสารประกอบการเรียน

    สิ่งที่หัวข้อนี้จะสอน

    คำกริยาและคำบอกเวลา-ความถี่: again又yòu ใช้สำหรับสิ่งที่ทำซ้ำซึ่งเกิดขึ้นไปแล้ว, all along一直yì zhí และalways总是zǒng shì ใช้สำหรับ "เสมอ" ที่แตกต่างกันสองแบบ, finally终于zhōng yú ใช้สำหรับ "ในที่สุด", only只zhǐ ใช้สำหรับ "เพียง/แค่", ความสาย only then / not until才cái, คำว่า "หลังจาก/แล้ว" ทั้งสาม และคำบอกเวลา before以前yǐ qián และ just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái

    again又yòu……(completed / change)了le: อีกครั้ง (เกิดขึ้นแล้ว)

    ฝนตกอีกครั้ง！ (Yòu xiàyǔ le!) — ฝนตกอีกแล้ว!

    again又yòu + กริยา + (completed / change)了le มอง ย้อนกลับ ไปยังการกระทำที่ซ้ำซึ่งเสร็จสิ้นแล้ว มัก.userId ด้วยความรู้สึก หงุดหงิด again又yòu มองย้อนto turn round回头huí tóuto see看kàn; again / then再zài มองไปข้างหน้า (again / then再zàito come来láifirst一次yī cì — ทำอีกครั้ง) again / then再zài ในอนาคตไม่ใช้ (completed / change)了le； ส่วน again又yòu ในอดีตต้องใช้มัน not have / haven't没有méi yǒu (completed / change)了le；(verb suffix)过去guò qùo'clock时shíagain又yòuto need需要xū yàoit它tā。

    all along一直yì zhí vs always总是zǒng shì：两个liǎng gè“always总是zǒng shì”

    (wǒ yìzhí hěn xǐhuan nǐ) — ฉันชอบเธอมาตลอด always总是zǒng shì คือ นิสัยที่ซ้ำซาก: he / him他tāalways总是zǒng shìto arrive late迟到chí dào (tā zǒngshì chídào) — เขามักจะสายเสมอ

    (ทุกครั้งที่) การคู่หูที่บ่นของคำนี้คือ always老是lǎo shì เพิ่มท่า rolled-eye: you你nǐhow / why怎么zěn mealways老是lǎo shìto arrive late迟到chí dào？ — ทำไมเขาถึง สาย เสมอ? "Always late" (ทุกครั้งที่) คือ always总是zǒng shì； "ฝนตกทั้งช่วงนั้น" คือ all along一直yì zhí

    “always总是zǒng shìto arrive late迟到chí dào”（every time每次měi cì）to be / is是shì always总是zǒng shì；“all along一直yì zhíto rain下雨xià yǔ”to be / is是shì all along一直yì zhí。

    finally终于zhōng yú and only只zhǐ

    ทำบ้านเสร็จเสียที! มันเปล่งประกายด้วยความสบายใจ ต้องใช้ (completed / change)了le， และสื่อถึงผลลัพธ์ที่ ยอมรับได้ (คำว่า "ในท้ายที่สุด" ที่เป็นกลางคือ final最后zuì hòu) only只zhǐ แทรกตัวเข้ากับ กริยา: I / me我wǒ只会zhǐ huìto have / there is有yǒu一个yí gèolder brother哥哥gē gē → I / me我wǒonly have ...只有zhǐ yǒu一个yí gèolder brother哥哥gē gē *(wǒ zhǐ yǒu yíge

    only只zhǐto stick close to紧贴jǐn tiēverb动词dòng cí：I / me我wǒ只会zhǐ huìto have / there is有yǒu一个yí gèolder brother哥哥gē gē → I / me我wǒonly have ...只有zhǐ yǒu一个yí gèolder brother哥哥gē gē (wǒ zhǐ yǒu yíge gēge) — ฉันมีพี่ชายเพียงคนเดียว คำว่า "only" ในภาษาอังกฤษอาจเคลื่อนที่ไปมา; แต่ในภาษาจีน only只zhǐ จะติดอยู่กับ กริยา.

    only then / not until才cái:late迟chíและแทบจะไม่ได้

    I / me我wǒyesterday昨天zuó tiān十一点shí yì diǎnonly then / not until才cáito / arrive到dàohome家jiā。 (Wǒ zuótiān shíyī diǎn cái dào jiā.) — ฉันกลับบ้านไม่จนกว่า สิบหนึ่ง.

    ก่อน เวลา only then / not until才cái จะดึงสิ่งของให้ช้าลง ("ไม่จนกว่า"). ก่อน ตัวเลข มันจะลดจำนวนลง ("เพียง": he / him他tāonly then / not until才cái二十岁èr shí suì — เขาอายุเพียงยี่ปี) ทั้งสองมีความหมายร่วมคือ "น้อยกว่าที่คาดไว้", และ ความล่าช้าที่ only then / not until才cái แสดงออกนั้นไม่มี (completed / change)了le. only then / not until才cáito express / indicate表示biǎo shì(of trains etc) late晚点wǎn diǎn，not不bùto need需要xū yào (completed / change)了le。

    before以前yǐ qián and just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái

    just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái (gāngcái) เป็น คำนามเวลา — "เพิ่ง": you你nǐjust now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cáivariant of 说说shuōwhat什么shén me(completed / change)了le? just now刚gāng (คำวิเศษณ์) ยึดติดกับกริยา; just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái (คำนาม) สามารถอยู่ได้เอง. before以前yǐ qián — and / with与yǔEnglish (language)英语yīng yǔopposite相反xiāng fǎn。at / in在zàistart of phrase or sentence句首jù shǒu，before以前yǐ qiánidea意yìfor为wèi“at / in在zài(verb suffix)过去guò qù，once曾经céng jīng”， after以后yǐ hòu หลังเหตุการณ์ = "หลัง X" (to finish class下课xià kèafter以后yǐ hòu — หลังจบเรียน); ที่ต้นประโยค = "ตั้งแต่ตอนนี้ onward" (I / me我wǒafter以后yǐ hòunot不bùto drink (alcohol)喝酒hē jiǔ(completed / change)了le). then / after然后rán hòu = "แล้วจากนั้น", ใช้ได้ดีสำหรับลำดับเหตุการณ์ในอนาคต. afterwards后来hòu lái = "แล้วจากนั้น" ของ อดีต — ทั้งสองเหตุการณ์เกิดขึ้นไปแล้ว: to start开始kāi shǐI / me我wǒfather and mother父母fù mǔnot不bùto agree同意tóng yì，afterwards后来hòu láito agree同意tóng yì(completed / change)了le — ban đầuพ่อแม่to oppose反对fǎn duì, ต่อมาto agree同意tóng yì.

    เริ่มแรกพ่อแม่ไม่เห็นด้วย; ต่อมาพวกเขาก็ยอม. to stick close to紧贴jǐn tiēverb动词dòng cí；just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái（noun名词míng cí）can / may可以kě yǐalone单独dān dúto use使用shǐ yòng。

    三个sān gè“after之后zhī hòu/then / after然后rán hòu”word词cí

    after以后yǐ hòu event事件shì jiànafter之后zhī hòu = “Xafter之后zhī hòu”（to finish class下课xià kèafter以后yǐ hòu — 下课后xià kè hòu）；at / in在zàistart of phrase or sentence句首jù shǒu = “从今往后cóng jīn wǎng hòu” （I / me我wǒafter以后yǐ hòunot不bùto drink (alcohol)喝酒hē jiǔ(completed / change)了le）。then / after然后rán hòu = “then / after然后rán hòu”，to use in用于yòng yúfuture未来wèi láisequence顺序shùn xù。afterwards后来hòu lái = 一个yí gè (verb suffix)过去guò qù “then / after然后rán hòu” — 两件事liǎng jiàn shìall / both都dōualready已yǐto happen发生fā shēng：to start开始kāi shǐI / me我wǒfather and mother父母fù mǔnot不bùto agree同意tóng yì，afterwards后来hòu láito agree同意tóng yì(completed / change)了le — to rise起qǐ at first初chūI / me我wǒfather and mother父母fù mǔnot不bùto agree同意tóng yì；afterwards后来hòu láithey他们tā mento change改变gǎi biàn(completed / change)了leway of looking at a thing看法kàn fǎ。

    ข้อควรระวัง

    • afterwards后来hòu láinever从不cóng bùto extract引出yǐn chūplan计划jì huàmaybe或huòfuture未来wèi láisequence顺序shùn xù — that那nàto be / is是shì then / after然后rán hòu (modifier / structural particle)的demission任务rèn wù。
    • ก่อนหน้า stamps after the event: ก่อนกินข้าว, ไม่ใช่ กินข้าวก่อน.

    ทบทวนความรู้

    1. Which looks back, again又yòu or again / then再zài？
    2. "He's always late (each time)" — all along一直yì zhí or always总是zǒng shì？
    3. What must finally终于zhōng yú never lose?
    4. he / him他tāonly then / not until才cái二十岁èr shí suì — which only then / not until才cái job is this?
    5. Which "and then" can introduce a future plan?
    6. Order: how does Chinese say "before eating"?

    (answer答案dá àn：1. again又yòu — (verb suffix)过去guò qù(modifier / structural particle)的devariant of 重复重复chóng fù。2. always总是zǒng shì；all along一直yì zhíto be / is是shì不间断bù jiàn duàn(modifier / structural particle)的deto continue持续chí xù。3. it它tā(modifier / structural particle)的de (completed / change)了le。 4. The number job — "only twenty". 5. then / after然后rán hòu. 6. to have a meal吃饭chī fànbefore以前yǐ qián — event first, then before以前yǐ qián.)

  • 3

    กริยา, ทักษะ & คำเติมเต็ม

    ดูบทเรียน
    เปิดหัวข้อนี้เป็นหน้าแยกต่างหาก

    โปรแกรมการเรียนรู้มาเร็วๆ นี้

    เอกสารประกอบการเรียน

    สิ่งที่หัวข้อนี้จะสอน

    Verbs and what happens to them: (ongoing -ing)着zhe for a state held on, the change-of-state (completed / change)了le， question bounces with (and …? / softener)呢ne， the potential complements, to go down下去xià qù for "keep on", result complements, the duration patterns, and the feeling-verb degree / adjective linker很hěn.

    (ongoing -ing)着zhe: การกระทำที่ยังคงอยู่

    门开mén kāi(ongoing -ing)着zhe。 (Mén kāizhe.) — ประตูเปิดอยู่ (และยังคงเปิดอยู่)

    Verb + (ongoing -ing)着zhe ยึดการกระทำไว้เป็นสถานะที่ linger. ใน Verb1 + (ongoing -ing)着zhe + Verb2, ตัวแรก กำหนดฉากหลัง: station站zhàn(ongoing -ing)着zhevariant of 吃吃chī (zhànzhe chī) — กินขณะยืน. สำหรับการกระทำที่กำลังดำเนินไปอย่าง มีผล, ใช้ at / in在zài (he / him他tāat / in在zàito have a meal吃饭chī fàn).

    การเปลี่ยนแปลงสถานะ (completed / change)了le

    I / me我wǒto be hungry饿è(completed / change)了le。 (Wǒ è le.) — ฉันหิว ตอนนี้. to rain下雨xià yǔ(completed / change)了le！ —ฝนตกแล้ว (ไม่great- (grandfather…曾céngat / in在zài ก่อน)!

    การใช้อักษร (completed / change)了le นี้บ่งบอกถึง สถานการณ์ใหม่ — "ตอนนี้" — ซึ่งแตกต่างจาก (completed / change)了le ที่ใช้กับกริยาที่กระทำเสร็จสิ้นแล้ว ทุกครั้งที่คุณต้องการเพิ่มคำว่า "ตอนนี้" ในภาษาอังกฤษ นี่คือหน้าที่ของ (completed / change)了le: he / him他tāat or in the very same...当dāngmanager经理jīng lǐ(completed / change)了le — เขาเป็นผู้จัดการแล้ว/ตอนนี้

    (and …? / softener)呢ne? : แล้วคุณล่ะ?

    I / me我wǒdegree / adjective linker很hěngood好hǎo，you你nǐ(and …? / softener)呢ne？ (Wǒ hěn hǎo, nǐ ne?) — ฉันดีแล้ว — แล้วคุณล่ะ?

    (and …? / softener)呢ne ใช้โยนคำถามกลับโดยไม่ทวนคำเดิม หากมีคำนามเปล่า + (and …? / softener)呢ne โดยไม่มีคำถามก่อนหน้า จะถามว่า อยู่ที่ไหน: I / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的decell phone手机shǒu jī(and …? / softener)呢ne? — โทรศัพท์ของฉันอยู่ไหน?

    ประโยคเสริมศักยภาพและ to go down下去xià qù

    you你nǐto understand (by hearing)听得懂tīng de dǒngShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎiold variant of 话话huà(yes/no ?)吗ma? — คุณเข้าใจภาษาเซี่ยงไฮ้ไหม? 买不到mǎi bú dào — หาไม่ได้/ซื้อไม่เจอ

    (degree marker)得de = สามารถ, not不bù = ไม่สามารถ, วางต่อท้ายกริยา — เกี่ยวกับการ บรรลุผลลัพธ์ อย่างละเอียดอ่อน ต่างจาก can / be able to能néng รูปแบบ not不bù เป็นรูปที่ใช้บ่อยในบทสนทนา: อ่านไม่ออก/เข้าใจไม่ออก to be everywhere无处不在wú chǔ bù zài (พบได้ทุกที่)

    variant of 说说shuōto go down下去xià qù。 (Shuō xiàqù.) — บอกต่อไป/พูดต่อไป to go down下去xià qù หมายถึงทำสิ่งที่กำลังดำเนินอยู่แล้วให้ต่อเนื่อง รูปแบบศักยภาพ not不bùto go down下去xià qù = "ทนไม่ไหวที่จะทำต่อไป": I / me我wǒto listen to听tīngnot不bùto go down下去xià qù(completed / change)了le — ฉันฟังไม่ไหวแล้ว/ทนฟังต่อไม่ได้แล้ว

    ประโยคเสริมผลลัพธ์และระยะเวลา

    写错xiě cuò (xiě cuò) — เขียนผิด · to clean打扫dǎ sǎoclean干净gān jìng — ทำความสะอาดจนหมดจด กริยาคือ การกระทำ ส่วนประโยคเสริมคือผลลัพธ์ การปฏิเสธทั้งประโยคใช้ not / haven't没méi: not / haven't没méito write写xiěto finish完wán — ยังเขียนไม่เสร็จ

    他学tā xué(completed / change)了le两年liǎng niánChinese language中文zhōng wén。 — 他学tā xué(completed / change)了le一年yī niánChinese language中文zhōng wén（variant of 并并bìngto complete完成wán chéng(completed / change)了le）。he / him他tāat / in在zàiBeijing, capital of the…北京běi jīngto live住zhù(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián (completed / change)了le。 — เขาอาศัยอยู่ในปักกิ่งมาแล้ว 2 ปี และยังคงอยู่ต่อ หนึ่ง (completed / change)了le = ช่วงเวลาที่สิ้นสุด; สอง (completed / change)了le = ยังดำเนินอยู่ ("นับไปเรื่อยๆ") เมื่อมีวัตถุ ให้ทวนกริยา: to learn学xuéChinese language中文zhōng wén to learn学xué(completed / change)了le一年yī nián.

    not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ และกริยาแสดงความรู้สึก

    not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ + กริยา = ไม่มีทาง: not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎto open打开dǎ kāi — เปิดไม่ได้/ไม่มีวิธีเปิด เมื่อใช้โดดๆ not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ คือท่าก้มไหล่ "ทำอะไรได้บ้าง"

    ฉันชอบหนังเรื่องนี้มาก (Wǒ hěn xǐhuan zhè bù diànyǐng.) — ฉันชอบหนังเรื่องนี้จริงๆ

    กริยาที่แสดงความรู้สึก (to like喜欢xǐ huan，want / think / miss想xiǎng，to love爱ài，to understand了解liǎo jiě，to dislike讨厌tǎo yàn) ทำงานเหมือนคำคุณศัพท์และใช้ degree / adjective linker很hěn ได้ — นั่นเป็นเหตุผลว่าทำไม ผู้เรียนระดับเริ่มต้นจึงพูดว่า "very like" แต่กริยาแสดงการกระทำไม่ทำเช่นนี้: ไม่มี degree / adjective linker很hěnvariant of 吃吃chī ✗

    ระวัง

    • (completed / change)了le บ่งบอกเหตุการณ์; คำเติมผลบอกลักษณะผลลัพธ์ — ประโยคหนึ่งสามารถมีทั้ง เหตุการณ์ที่ทำเสร็จแล้วและผลลัพธ์ที่ไม่เกิดขึ้น: I / me我wǒto listen to听tīng(completed / change)了le，but但是dàn shìnot / haven't没méito understand (on hearing)听懂tīng dǒng。
    • คำวิเศษณ์แท้ (not不bù，also也yě，all / both都dōu) ไม่ต้องใช้ (adverb -ly)地de

    ทบทวนความรู้

    1. 门开mén kāi(ongoing -ing)着zhe — ประตูกำลังเปิดอยู่ หรือเปิดค้างไว้?
    2. (completed / change)了le ตัวไหนหมายถึง "ตอนนี้ สถานการณ์ใหม่"?
    3. I / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的decell phone手机shǒu jī(and …? / softener)呢ne？ ถามอะไร?
    4. to buy买mǎi(completed / change)了le และ to buy买mǎi(completed / change)了le……(completed / change)了le — เสร็จสิ้นแล้ว หรือยังทำอยู่?
    5. ทำไม degree / adjective linker很hěnto like喜欢xǐ huan ถึงถูกหลักไวยากรณ์แต่ degree / adjective linker很hěnvariant of 吃吃chī ไม่?

    (คำตอบ: 1. เปิดและคงอยู่ — (ongoing -ing)着zhe เป็นสถานะ, at / in在zài เป็นความต่อเนื่อง. 2. การ เปลี่ยนสถานะ (completed / change)了le. 3. "โทรศัพท์ฉันอยู่ที่ไหน?" 4. to buy买mǎi(completed / change)了le เสร็จสิ้น; to live住zhù(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián(completed / change)了le ยังไม่จบ. 5. คำกริยาที่แสดงความรู้สึก behaves เหมือนคำคุณศัพท์; คำกริยาทั่วไปไม่ใช้ degree / adjective linker很hěn.)

  • 4

    การเปรียบเทียบ

    ดูบทเรียน
    เปิดหัวข้อนี้เป็นหน้าแยกต่างหาก

    โปรแกรมการเรียนรู้มาเร็วๆ นี้

    เอกสารประกอบการเรียน

    สิ่งที่หัวข้อนี้จะสอน

    เริ่มด้วยเกณฑ์วัด, more更gèng/still / also还hái สำหรับ "ยิ่งกว่า", many多duō(completed / change)了le สำหรับช่องว่างขนาดใหญ่, และการถามด้วย to have / there is有yǒu นำด้วยไม้บรรทัดวัด, more更gèng/still / also还hái สำหรับ "มากกว่า", many多duō(completed / change)了le สำหรับช่องว่างมาก, และ to have / there is有yǒu เล่มนี้แพงกว่าเล่มนั้น (Zhè běn shū bǐ nà běn shū guì.) — เล่มนี้แพงกว่า

    than / compared to比bǐ: มากกว่า

    this这zhè本书běn shūthan / compared to比bǐ那本书nà běn shūexpensive贵guì。 (Zhè běn shū bǐ nà běn shū guì.) — เล่มนี้แพงกว่าเล่มนั้น มากกว่าตัวนั้น

    โครงสร้างคือ A + than / compared to比bǐ + B + adjective, โดย adjective จะ ไม่ใช้ degree / adjective linker很hěn — ระดับความ comes จาก more更gèng/still / also还hái/many多duō(completed / change)了le แทน than / compared to比bǐhe / him他tādegree / adjective linker很hěnhigh高gāo ✗.

    not have / haven't没有méi yǒu: ไม่เท่า … as

    小张xiǎo zhāngnot have / haven't没有méi yǒusmall小xiǎo李高lǐ gāo。 (Xiǎo Zhāng méiyǒu Xiǎo Lǐ gāo.) — Xiao Zhang ไม่สูงเท่า Xiao Li.

    ใช้ not have / haven't没有méi yǒu เหมือนคำว่า "ไม่มี", ทำหน้าที่เปรียบเทียบ adjective ใช้แบบเปล่า: not have / haven't没有méi yǒu you你nǐhigh高gāo ✓, ห้ามใช้ not have / haven't没有méi yǒuyou你nǐdegree / adjective linker很hěnhigh高gāo ✗ เพิ่ม like that那么nà me เพื่อเน้น: not have / haven't没有méi yǒuhe / him他tālike that那么nà mebusy忙máng.

    with / and跟gēn……than / compared to比bǐ((after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái): เปรียบเทียบก่อน

    with / and跟gēnShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎithan / compared to比bǐ，I / me我wǒnative place老家lǎo jiā(modifier / structural particle)的de(commodity) prices物价wù jiàdegree / adjective linker很hěnlow低dī。 — เมื่อเทียบกับ Shanghai ราคาใน hometown ของฉันต่ำมาก มาก.

    with / and跟gēn A than / compared to比bǐ((after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái) นำ A ขึ้นเป็นมาตรฐาน แล้วอธิบายเกี่ยวกับ B — ที่นี่ degree / adjective linker很hěn ใช้ได้, เพราะเป็นการอธิบาย ไม่ใช่การเปรียบเทียบ A-than / compared to比bǐ-B โดยตรง

    more更gèng / still / also还hái: มากยิ่งขึ้น

    he / him他tāthan / compared to比bǐYao Ming (1980-), retired…姚明yáo míngstill / also还háihigh高gāo。 (Tā bǐ Yáo Míng hái gāo.) — เขามากยิ่งสูงกว่า Yao Ming

    more更gèng/still / also还hái ก่อน adjective หมายถึง "มากขึ้น" — still / also还hái ยอมรับอย่างเงียบๆ ว่า "(และ B สูงอยู่แล้ว) ฟ้าสูง)"

    many多duō(completed / change)了le: ความแตกต่างขนาดใหญ่

    phonetic writing拼音pīn yīnthan / compared to比bǐChinese character汉字hàn zìeasy容易róng yìmany多duō(completed / change)了le。 — Pinyin ง่ายกว่า characters มาก

    วัดขนาดช่องว่าง ไว้ท้ายประโยค: ช่องว่างใหญ่ → many多duō(completed / change)了le/(degree marker)得demany多duō/很多hěn duō; ช่องว่างเล็ก →a bit一点yì diǎn (ง่ายเล็กน้อย). ไม่ควรวาง many多duō(completed / change)了le หลังคำคุณศัพท์ ✗ — มันต้องอยู่ หลัง คำคุณศัพท์เสมอ

    ลองทำดู เปรียบเทียบเมืองของคุณกับปักกิ่ง: ……than / compared to比bǐBeijing, capital of the…北京běi jīng……many多duō(completed / change)了le。

    ระวัง

    • ประโยคแบบ A than / compared to比bǐ B ไม่สามารถใช้ degree / adjective linker很hěn/very非常fēi cháng ได้ — นี่คือข้อผิดพลาดที่พบบ่อยที่สุดในหัวข้อนี้

    ทบทวนความรู้

    1. ให้โครงสร้างพื้นฐานของ than / compared to比bǐ
    2. คำใดทำให้การเปรียบเทียบเป็นเชิงลบ — than / compared to比bǐ หรือ not have / haven't没有méi yǒu？
    3. with / and跟gēnShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎithan / compared to比bǐ อนุญาตให้ใช้คำใดที่ than / compared to比bǐ แบบธรรมดาห้ามใช้?
    4. many多duō(completed / change)了le ต้องวางไว้ตรงไหน — หน้าหรือหลังคำคุณศัพท์?
    5. แก้ไขประโยค: he / him他tāthan / compared to比bǐI / me我wǒvery非常fēi chánghigh高gāo。

    (คำตอบ: 1. A + than / compared to比bǐ + B + คำคุณศัพท์. 2. not have / haven't没有méi yǒu: I / me我wǒnot have / haven't没有méi yǒuyou你nǐhigh高gāo. 3. degree / adjective linker很hěn — โครงสร้างนี้เป็น การอธิบายสถานะ ไม่ใช่การเปรียบเทียบโดยตรง A-than / compared to比bǐ-B. 4. วางไว้หลัง (高多gāo duō(completed / change)了le). 5. he / him他tāthan / compared to比bǐI / me我wǒhigh高gāo， หรือ he / him他tāthan / compared to比bǐI / me我wǒstill / also还háihigh高gāo.)

  • 5

    อนุภาค, คำนาม & จำนวน

    ดูบทเรียน
    เปิดหัวข้อนี้เป็นหน้าแยกต่างหาก

    โปรแกรมการเรียนรู้มาเร็วๆ นี้

    เอกสารประกอบการเรียน

    สิ่งที่หัวข้อนี้จะสอน

    อนุภาคและตัวเลข: half半bàn และตำแหน่งที่มันวาง, "ไม่แม้แต่หนึ่ง", กลุ่มเลขสี่หลัก ten thousand万wàn, เวลาบนนาฬิกาด้วย part分fēn/quarter (hour)刻kè/used in 参差差chà, และคำคำถามที่ใช้แทน "บาง".

    half半bàn: เรียงลำดับเหมือนภาษาอังกฤษ

    half hour半小时bàn xiǎo shí (bàn xiǎoshí) — ครึ่งชั่วโมง. 三个sān gèhalf hour半小时bàn xiǎo shí — สามชั่วโมงครึ่ง

    "ครึ่งของ [หน่วย]" ให้วาง half半bàn ก่อน; "[X] และครึ่ง" ให้วาง half半bàn หลังคำวัด — ซึ่งตรงกับตำแหน่งของเศษส่วนในภาษาอังกฤษ Exactly. day天tiān และ grain年nián เป็นคำวัดในตัว: half of the day半天bàn tiān ✓, ห้ามพูดว่า half of sth半个bàn gèday天tiān.

    ไม่แม้แต่หนึ่ง

    he / him他tāa line of verse一句yī jùold variant of 话话huàall / both都dōunot / haven't没méivariant of 说说shuō。 (Tā yí jù huà dōu méi shuō.) — เขาไม่ได้พูดeven if即便jí biànto be / is是shì一个yí gèletter字zì

    รูปแบบคือ one / a一yī + คำวัด + also也yě/all / both都dōu + not不bù/not / haven't没méi + กริยา — one / a一yī ใช้ระบุปริมาณน้อยที่สุด และ also也yě/all / both都dōu จะตัดความหมาย "แม้กระทั่ง" ออกด้วย หากลบ also也yě/all / both都dōu ออก แรงของ "แม้กระทั่ง" ก็จะหายไป สำหรับ คำนามนับไม่ได้: a bit一点yì diǎnalso也yěnot不bù.

    ten thousand万wàn: กลุ่มตัวเลขเป็นชุดละสี่

    一万yī wàn (yíwàn) — สิบพัน. 一百万yì bǎi wàn — ล้าน ("หนึ่งร้อย ten thousand万wàn"). fourteen十四shí sì100 million亿yì — 1.4 พันล้าน.

    ภาษาจีนนับจำนวนใหญ่ในหน่วย ten thousand万wàn (10⁴) และ 100 million亿yì (10⁸), ดังนั้น จัดกลุ่มใหม่เป็นสี่หลัก ไม่ใช่สามหลัก: 12,000 → "1|2000" → 一万两千yī wàn liǎng qiān. คำว่า "million" ในภาษาอังกฤษ = 一百万yì bǎi wàn； "billion" = one billion十亿shí yì — ความ ไม่ตรงกันนี้คือจุดที่สับสน

    การบอกเวลา

    两点liǎng diǎnzero零líng九分jiǔ fēn — 2:09 (นาทีที่มีหลักเดียวต้องใช้ zero零líng "โอ้"). 两点liǎng diǎn一刻yī kè — 2:15 (quarter (hour)刻kè = one-quarter四分之一sì fēn zhī yī). used in 参差差chà五分wǔ fēn三点sān diǎn — ห้านาทีถึงสามโมง (used in 参差差chà "เหลือ" มาอยู่ ก่อน).

    ชั่วโมงเต็ม: จำนวน + point点diǎn， ใช้ half半bàn สำหรับครึ่งหนึ่ง และ morning上午shàng wǔ/afternoon下午xià wǔ นำหน้าเวลาแทนที่จะใช้ am/pm — จากใหญ่ไปหาเล็ก. "2 โมง" คือ 两点liǎng diǎn， ไม่ใช่ 二点èr diǎn.

    คำคำถามในความหมายว่า "บาง"

    คำคำถามที่ไม่มีคำนำหน้าที่ลงท้ายด้วยเสียงต่ำ หมายถึง "some/someone/somewhere" แบบเบลอ — สัญญาณ

    เช่น (experienced)过guo, erhua variant of 点点儿diǎn ér, (suggestion)吧ba ยืนยันสิ่งนั้น. บริบททำหน้าที่นี้; ไม่มีคำเพิ่มเติม เช่น (experienced)过guo， erhua variant of 点点儿diǎn ér，(suggestion)吧ba ยืนยันสิ่งนี้. บริบททำงานได้; ไม่ต้องมีคำเพิ่มเติม

    ลองทำดู. อ่านเวลาเหล่านี้เสียงดัง: 3:05, 2:30, 7:55 (เคล็ดลับ: used in 参差差chà五分wǔ fēn八点bā diǎn).

    ระวัง

    • half of the day半天bàn tiān และ half a year半年bàn nián ไม่ต้องใส่ (measure word)个gè — day天tiān และ grain年nián เป็นคำบอกจำนวนอยู่แล้ว

    ทบทวนความรู้

    1. บอกว่า "สองชั่วโมงครึ่ง"
    2. คำว่า also也yě/all / both都dōu เพิ่มความหมายอะไรในประโยค a line of verse一句yī jùold variant of 话话huàall / both都dōunot / haven't没méivariant of 说说shuō？
    3. จะพูด 52,000 เป็นภาษาจีนได้อย่างไร (คำแนะนำ: จัดกลุ่มเป็นสี่)
    4. used in 参差差chà五分wǔ fēn八点bā diǎn คือเวลาเท่าไหร่?
    5. what什么shén metime时候shí hòuto go去qù(suggestion)吧ba หมายความว่า "เมื่อไหร่?" หรือ "สักวันนะ"?

    (คำตอบ: 1. สองชั่วโมงครึ่ง. 2. คำว่า "เลย" — ไม่แม้แต่หนึ่งข้อ. 3. ห้าหมื่นสองพัน — 5|2000. 4. 7:55. 5. "สักวันนะ" — เสียงตกและ (suggestion)吧ba สื่อถึงความหมาย "บาง".)

  • 6

    รูปแบบประโยค (把 & 被)

    ดูบทเรียน
    เปิดหัวข้อนี้เป็นหน้าแยกต่างหาก

    โปรแกรมการเรียนรู้มาเร็วๆ นี้

    เอกสารประกอบการเรียน

    Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

    one / a一yī … also也yě / all / both都dōu … ไม่ใช่不bù / not / haven't没méi (not even one)

    A complete zero differs from a small number

    • You opened the room and found no one inside.
    • 一个yí gèperson人rénalso也yěnot have / haven't没有méi yǒu。 — The one / a一yī…also也yěnot have / haven't没有méi yǒu frame emphasises zero people.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is one / a一yī … also也yě / all / both都dōu … ไม่ใช่不bù / not / haven't没méi (not even one). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    หนึ่ง一yī(measure word)个geperson人réneven也yěthere isn't没有méi yǒu。

    Read examples in context

    I我wǒa bit一点yì diǎneven也yěไม่ใช่不bùtired累lèi。

    • In the opening example, 一个yí gèperson人rénalso也yěnot have / haven't没有méi yǒu。: The one / a一yī…also也yěnot have / haven't没有méi yǒu frame emphasises zero people.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • Compare ( เปรียบเทียบ ) only have ...只有zhǐ yǒu一个yí gèperson人rén, which is one person rather than zero.
    • In a bit一点yì diǎnalso也yěไม่ใช่不bùrope累lèi, the frame negates any degree of tiredness; keep the negative word in the construction.

    Use the distinction

    • เลข one / a一yī…also也yěnot have / haven't没有méi yǒu frame emphasises zero people.
    • Compare ( เปรียบเทียบ ) only have ...只有zhǐ yǒu一个yí gèperson人rén, which is one person rather than zero. In a bit一点yì diǎnalso也yěไม่ใช่不bùrope累lèi, the frame negates any degree of tiredness; keep the negative word in the construction.

    Try it with help closed

    You opened the room and found no one inside. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: 一个yí gèperson人rénalso也yěnot have / haven't没有méi yǒu。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • Compare ( เปรียบเทียบ ) only have ...只有zhǐ yǒu一个yí gèperson人rén, which is one person rather than zero.
    • In a bit一点yì diǎnalso也yěไม่ใช่不bùrope累lèi, the frame negates any degree of tiredness; keep the negative word in the construction.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    to exceed越yuè … to exceed越yuè … (the more …, the more …)

    One changing quantity is linked to another

    • A larger group needs more chairs.
    • 人越rén yuèmany多duō，to need需要xū yào(modifier / structural particle)的dechair椅子yǐ zito exceed越yuèmany多duō。 — The number of chairs needed rises with the number of people.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is to exceed越yuè … to exceed越yuè … (the more …, the more …). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    I我wǒthe more越yuèคิด想xiǎngthe more越yuèangry生气shēng qì。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, 人越rén yuèmany多duō，to need需要xū yào(modifier / structural particle)的dechair椅子yǐ zito exceed越yuèmany多duō。: The number of chairs needed rises with the number of people.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • to exceed越yuè…to exceed越yuè… expresses a linked change, not necessarily a scientific causal proof.
    • to exceed越yuècheap便宜pián yito exceed越yuèดี好hǎo links lower price with greater preference, so both numerical quantities need not rise.

    Use the distinction

    • The number of chairs needed rises with the number of people.
    • to exceed越yuè…to exceed越yuè… expresses a linked change, not necessarily a scientific causal proof. to exceed越yuècheap便宜pián yito exceed越yuèดี好hǎo links lower price with greater preference, so both numerical quantities need not rise.

    Try it with help closed

    A larger group needs more chairs. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: 人越rén yuèmany多duō，to need需要xū yào(modifier / structural particle)的dechair椅子yǐ zito exceed越yuèmany多duō。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • to exceed越yuè…to exceed越yuè… expresses a linked change, not necessarily a scientific causal proof.
    • to exceed越yuècheap便宜pián yito exceed越yuèดี好hǎo links lower price with greater preference, so both numerical quantities need not rise.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    (把: marks the object)把bǎ sentences (do something to the object)

    A book is moved to a known place

    • You put a particular book on the table.
    • I / me我wǒ(把: marks the object)把bǎbook书shū放在fàng zàitable桌子zhuō zi(bound form) up上shàng。 — (把: marks the object)把bǎ introduces the affected book before the action and its location.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is (把: marks the object)把bǎ sentences (do something to the object). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    I我wǒ(把)把bǎbook书shūput放fàngon在zàitable桌子zhuō zion top上shàng。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, I / me我wǒ(把: marks the object)把bǎbook书shū放在fàng zàitable桌子zhuō zi(bound form) up上shàng。: (把: marks the object)把bǎ introduces the affected book before the action and its location.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • An ordinary (把: marks the object)把bǎ construction needs an appropriately elaborated verb phrase, not merely (把: marks the object)把bǎ书放shū fàng.
    • Put negation or an auxiliary before (把: marks the object)把bǎ: I / me我wǒnot / haven't没méi(把: marks the object)把bǎbook书shūto take away拿走ná zǒu. The book should be identifiable in context.

    Use the distinction

    • (把: marks the object)把bǎ introduces the affected book before the action and its location.
    • An ordinary (把: marks the object)把bǎ construction needs an appropriately elaborated verb phrase, not merely (把: marks the object)把bǎ书放shū fàng. Put negation or an auxiliary before (把: marks the object)把bǎ: I / me我wǒnot / haven't没méi(把: marks the object)把bǎbook书shūto take away拿走ná zǒu. The book should be identifiable in context.

    Try it with help closed

    You put a particular book on the table. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: I / me我wǒ(把: marks the object)把bǎbook书shū放在fàng zàitable桌子zhuō zi(bound form) up上shàng。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • An ordinary (把: marks the object)把bǎ construction needs an appropriately elaborated verb phrase, not merely (把: marks the object)把bǎ书放shū fàng.
    • Put negation or an auxiliary before (把: marks the object)把bǎ: I / me我wǒnot / haven't没méi(把: marks the object)把bǎbook书shūto take away拿走ná zǒu. The book should be identifiable in context.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    (passive: by)被bèi sentences (the passive)

    A passive names the affected item

    • Someone took the book away, and you describe what happened to the book.
    • book书shū(passive: by)被bèihe / him他tāto take away拿走ná zǒu(completed / change)了le。 — The book receives the action, while he / him他tā names the doer.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is (passive: by)被bèi sentences (the passive). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    book书shūby被bèihim他tātake away拿走ná zǒu了le。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, book书shū(passive: by)被bèihe / him他tāto take away拿走ná zǒu(completed / change)了le。: The book receives the action, while he / him他tā names the doer.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • book书shū(passive: by)被bèito take away拿走ná zǒu(completed / change)了le omits the doer when unnecessary or unknown.
    • (passive: by)被bèi is not limited to bad outcomes: he / him他tā被选为bèi xuǎn wèicaptain队长duì zhǎng is a positive example. Use a complete verb phrase for the intended event.

    Use the distinction

    • The book receives the action, while he / him他tā names the doer.
    • book书shū(passive: by)被bèito take away拿走ná zǒu(completed / change)了le omits the doer when unnecessary or unknown. (passive: by)被bèi is not limited to bad outcomes: he / him他tā被选为bèi xuǎn wèicaptain队长duì zhǎng is a positive example. Use a complete verb phrase for the intended event.

    Try it with help closed

    Someone took the book away, and you describe what happened to the book. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: book书shū(passive: by)被bèihe / him他tāto take away拿走ná zǒu(completed / change)了le。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • book书shū(passive: by)被bèito take away拿走ná zǒu(completed / change)了le omits the doer when unnecessary or unknown.
    • (passive: by)被bèi is not limited to bad outcomes: he / him他tā被选为bèi xuǎn wèicaptain队长duì zhǎng is a positive example. Use a complete verb phrase for the intended event.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Place + Verb + (ongoing -ing)着zhe + Noun (existential)

    Describe a room from its location

    • A painting hangs on the wall, and you tell someone what is there.
    • 墙上qiáng shàngto hang or suspend (from a…挂guà(ongoing -ing)着zhe一幅yī fúto draw画huà。 — The place comes first and introduces the painting found there.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Place + Verb + (ongoing -ing)着zhe + Noun (existential). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    ผนัง墙qiángon上shànghang挂guà(state)着zhea一yì(measure word)幅fúpainting画huà。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, 墙上qiáng shàngto hang or suspend (from a…挂guà(ongoing -ing)着zhe一幅yī fúto draw画huà。: The place comes first and introduces the painting found there.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • This is an existential description.
    • 一幅yī fú画挂huà guàat / in在zài墙上qiáng shàng is also grammatical and starts with the known painting instead. Do not reject the second order merely because this lesson teaches place-first presentation.

    Use the distinction

    • The place comes first and introduces the painting found there.
    • This is an existential description. 一幅yī fú画挂huà guàat / in在zài墙上qiáng shàng is also grammatical and starts with the known painting instead. Do not reject the second order merely because this lesson teaches place-first presentation.

    Try it with help closed

    A painting hangs on the wall, and you tell someone what is there. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: 墙上qiáng shàngto hang or suspend (from a…挂guà(ongoing -ing)着zhe一幅yī fúto draw画huà。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • This is an existential description.
    • 一幅yī fú画挂huà guàat / in在zài墙上qiáng shàng is also grammatical and starts with the known painting instead. Do not reject the second order merely because this lesson teaches place-first presentation.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    want / think / miss想xiǎng + QW + then / just就jiù + QW (whatever you like)

    A choice can be carried into an action

    • A friend lets you pick any available dish.
    • you你nǐwant / think / miss想xiǎngvariant of 吃吃chīอะไร什么shén methen / just就jiùvariant of 吃吃chīอะไร什么shén me。 — The repeated อะไร什么shén me makes the action follow your choice of food.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is want / think / miss想xiǎng + QW + then / just就jiù + QW (whatever you like). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    you你nǐwant想xiǎngeat吃chīอะไร什么shén methen就jiùeat吃chīอะไร什么shén me。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, you你nǐwant / think / miss想xiǎngvariant of 吃吃chīอะไร什么shén methen / just就jiùvariant of 吃吃chīอะไร什么shén me。: The repeated อะไร什么shén me makes the action follow your choice of food.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • Match the repeated question word: want / think / miss想xiǎngto go去qùwhere哪儿nǎrthen / just就jiùto go去qùwhere哪儿nǎr.
    • Freedom remains subject to the real situation; the grammar does not create food that is unavailable or remove rules mentioned elsewhere.

    Use the distinction

    • The repeated อะไร什么shén me makes the action follow your choice of food.
    • Match the repeated question word: want / think / miss想xiǎngto go去qùwhere哪儿nǎrthen / just就jiùto go去qùwhere哪儿nǎr. Freedom remains subject to the real situation; the grammar does not create food that is unavailable or remove rules mentioned elsewhere.

    Try it with help closed

    A friend lets you pick any available dish. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: you你nǐwant / think / miss想xiǎngvariant of 吃吃chīอะไร什么shén methen / just就jiùvariant of 吃吃chīอะไร什么shén me。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • Match the repeated question word: want / think / miss想xiǎngto go去qùwhere哪儿nǎrthen / just就jiùto go去qùwhere哪儿nǎr.
    • Freedom remains subject to the real situation; the grammar does not create food that is unavailable or remove rules mentioned elsewhere.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Question Word + all / both都dōu (every / all)

    Negation changes a whole-set claim

    • Everyone in the relevant group knows the answer.
    • who谁shéiall / both都dōuto know知道zhī dào。 — who谁shéiall / both都dōu covers every person in the understood group.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Question Word + all / both都dōu (every / all). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    who谁shéiทั้งหมด都dōuknow知道zhī dào。

    Read examples in context

    I我wǒanything什么shén meทั้งหมด都dōuไม่ใช่不bùwant想xiǎngeat吃chī。

    • In the opening example, who谁shéiall / both都dōuto know知道zhī dào。: who谁shéiall / both都dōu covers every person in the understood group.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • who谁shéiall / both都dōuไม่ใช่不bùto know知道zhī dào negates knowing for everyone and means nobody knows.
    • ไม่ใช่不是bú shìอะไร什么shén meall / both都dōuto know知道zhī dào means not knowing everything; the negative's position changes the scope.

    Use the distinction

    • who谁shéiall / both都dōu covers every person in the understood group.
    • who谁shéiall / both都dōuไม่ใช่不bùto know知道zhī dào negates knowing for everyone and means nobody knows. ไม่ใช่不是bú shìอะไร什么shén meall / both都dōuto know知道zhī dào means not knowing everything; the negative's position changes the scope.

    Try it with help closed

    Everyone in the relevant group knows the answer. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: who谁shéiall / both都dōuto know知道zhī dào。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • who谁shéiall / both都dōuไม่ใช่不bùto know知道zhī dào negates knowing for everyone and means nobody knows.
    • ไม่ใช่不是bú shìอะไร什么shén meall / both都dōuto know知道zhī dào means not knowing everything; the negative's position changes the scope.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Question words in “some- / any-”

    An indefinite choice is deliberately unnamed

    • You feel hungry but have not chosen a specific food.
    • I / me我wǒwant / think / miss想xiǎngvariant of 吃吃chīpoint点diǎnอะไร什么shén me。 — อะไร什么shén me leaves the food unspecified: something to eat.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Question words in “some- / any-”. Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    I我wǒwant想xiǎngeat吃chīa bit点diǎnsomething什么shén me。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, I / me我wǒwant / think / miss想xiǎngvariant of 吃吃chīpoint点diǎnอะไร什么shén me。: อะไร什么shén me leaves the food unspecified: something to eat.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • Context and sentence form decide whether a question word asks a question or is indefinite.
    • I / me我wǒไม่ใช่不bùto know知道zhī dàohe / him他tāwant / will / need要yàovariant of 吃吃chīอะไร什么shén me is an embedded question, not automatically a statement that he wants any food.

    Use the distinction

    • อะไร什么shén me leaves the food unspecified: something to eat.
    • Context and sentence form decide whether a question word asks a question or is indefinite. I / me我wǒไม่ใช่不bùto know知道zhī dàohe / him他tāwant / will / need要yàovariant of 吃吃chīอะไร什么shén me is an embedded question, not automatically a statement that he wants any food.

    Try it with help closed

    You feel hungry but have not chosen a specific food. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: I / me我wǒwant / think / miss想xiǎngvariant of 吃吃chīpoint点diǎnอะไร什么shén me。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • Context and sentence form decide whether a question word asks a question or is indefinite.
    • I / me我wǒไม่ใช่不bùto know知道zhī dàohe / him他tāwant / will / need要yàovariant of 吃吃chīอะไร什么shén me is an embedded question, not automatically a statement that he wants any food.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    in order to为了wèi le (in order to / for the sake of)

    A purpose need not have been achieved

    • A person runs regularly to improve health.
    • in order to为了wèi lehealth健康jiàn kāng，he / him他tāevery day每天měi tiānto run跑步pǎo bù。 — in order to为了wèi le names health as the purpose of running.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is in order to为了wèi le (in order to / for the sake of). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    in order to为了wèi lehealth健康jiàn kāng，he他tāevery day每天měi tiānrun跑步pǎo bù。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, in order to为了wèi lehealth健康jiàn kāng，he / him他tāevery day每天měi tiānto run跑步pǎo bù。: in order to为了wèi le names health as the purpose of running.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • he / him他tāevery day每天měi tiānin order to为了wèi lehealth健康jiàn kāngand / but而érto run跑步pǎo bù also places the purpose after the subject.
    • A purpose is a goal, not evidence that it has been achieved; because因为yīn wèi explains a cause instead.

    Use the distinction

    • in order to为了wèi le names health as the purpose of running.
    • he / him他tāevery day每天měi tiānin order to为了wèi lehealth健康jiàn kāngand / but而érto run跑步pǎo bù also places the purpose after the subject. A purpose is a goal, not evidence that it has been achieved; because因为yīn wèi explains a cause instead.

    Try it with help closed

    A person runs regularly to improve health. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: in order to为了wèi lehealth健康jiàn kāng，he / him他tāevery day每天měi tiānto run跑步pǎo bù。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • he / him他tāevery day每天měi tiānin order to为了wèi lehealth健康jiàn kāngand / but而érto run跑步pǎo bù also places the purpose after the subject.
    • A purpose is a goal, not evidence that it has been achieved; because因为yīn wèi explains a cause instead.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

  • 7

    คำเชื่อม & เงื่อนไข

    ดูบทเรียน
    เปิดหัวข้อนี้เป็นหน้าแยกต่างหาก

    โปรแกรมการเรียนรู้มาเร็วๆ นี้

    เอกสารประกอบการเรียน

    Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

    A หรือ或者huò zhě B (or — in statements)

    A statement offers two acceptable drinks

    • You say either tea or coffee is acceptable.
    • tea茶cháหรือ或者huò zhěcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi都行dōu xíng。 — หรือ或者huò zhě presents alternatives in a statement.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is A หรือ或者huò zhě B (or — in statements). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    I我wǒdrink喝hētea茶cháหรือ或者huò zhěcoffee咖啡kā fēi。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, tea茶cháหรือ或者huò zhěcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi都行dōu xíng。: หรือ或者huò zhě presents alternatives in a statement.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • For a direct alternative question use or / still还是hái shì: you你nǐto drink tea喝茶hē cháor / still还是hái shìcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi？.
    • A yes-or-no question can contain หรือ或者huò zhě, as in tea茶cháหรือ或者huò zhěcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēiall / both都dōucan / may可以kě yǐ(yes/no ?)吗ma？; questions are not all the same type.

    Use the distinction

    • หรือ或者huò zhě presents alternatives in a statement.
    • For a direct alternative question use or / still还是hái shì: you你nǐto drink tea喝茶hē cháor / still还是hái shìcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi？. A yes-or-no question can contain หรือ或者huò zhě, as in tea茶cháหรือ或者huò zhěcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēiall / both都dōucan / may可以kě yǐ(yes/no ?)吗ma？; questions are not all the same type.

    Try it with help closed

    You say either tea or coffee is acceptable. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: tea茶cháหรือ或者huò zhěcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi都行dōu xíng。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • For a direct alternative question use or / still还是hái shì: you你nǐto drink tea喝茶hē cháor / still还是hái shìcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi？.
    • A yes-or-no question can contain หรือ或者huò zhě, as in tea茶cháหรือ或者huò zhěcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēiall / both都dōucan / may可以kě yǐ(yes/no ?)吗ma？; questions are not all the same type.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    like that那么nà me … (then / in that case)

    A reply follows a new piece of information

    • A friend says everything is ready, so you suggest leaving.
    • like that那么nà mewe / us我们wǒ mento walk走zǒu(suggestion)吧ba。 — like that那么nà me introduces a response based on what was just said.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is like that那么nà me … (then / in that case). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    then那么nà mewe我们wǒ mengo走zǒu吧ba。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, like that那么nà mewe / us我们wǒ mento walk走zǒu(suggestion)吧ba。: like that那么nà me introduces a response based on what was just said.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • This use means in that case, not degree as in like that那么nà mehigh高gāo.
    • It does not itself indicate an exact future time; that那nàwe / us我们wǒ mento walk走zǒu(suggestion)吧ba is a common shorter reply.

    Use the distinction

    • like that那么nà me introduces a response based on what was just said.
    • This use means in that case, not degree as in like that那么nà mehigh高gāo. It does not itself indicate an exact future time; that那nàwe / us我们wǒ mento walk走zǒu(suggestion)吧ba is a common shorter reply.

    Try it with help closed

    A friend says everything is ready, so you suggest leaving. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: like that那么nà mewe / us我们wǒ mento walk走zǒu(suggestion)吧ba。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • This use means in that case, not degree as in like that那么nà mehigh高gāo.
    • It does not itself indicate an exact future time; that那nàwe / us我们wǒ mento walk走zǒu(suggestion)吧ba is a common shorter reply.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    with / and跟gēn + Person + Verb (with someone)

    A conversation has a partner

    • You talk with a friend rather than talk only about the friend.
    • I / me我wǒwith / and跟gēnfriend朋友péng yǒuto chat聊天liáo tiān。 — with / and跟gēnfriend朋友péng yǒu identifies the conversation partner.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is with / and跟gēn + Person + Verb (with someone). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    I我wǒwith跟gēnfriends朋友péng youchat聊天liáo tiān。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, I / me我wǒwith / and跟gēnfriend朋友péng yǒuto chat聊天liáo tiān。: with / and跟gēnfriend朋友péng yǒu identifies the conversation partner.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • pertaining to关于guān yúfriend朋友péng yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的desubject (of a talk or…话题huà tí means a topic about friends.
    • with / and跟gēn in this use can often be replaced by and / with和hé; another with / and跟gēn in to follow after跟着gēn zhehe / him他tāto walk走zǒu means follow him, a different construction.

    Use the distinction

    • with / and跟gēnfriend朋友péng yǒu identifies the conversation partner.
    • pertaining to关于guān yúfriend朋友péng yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的desubject (of a talk or…话题huà tí means a topic about friends. with / and跟gēn in this use can often be replaced by and / with和hé; another with / and跟gēn in to follow after跟着gēn zhehe / him他tāto walk走zǒu means follow him, a different construction.

    Try it with help closed

    You talk with a friend rather than talk only about the friend. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: I / me我wǒwith / and跟gēnfriend朋友péng yǒuto chat聊天liáo tiān。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • pertaining to关于guān yúfriend朋友péng yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的desubject (of a talk or…话题huà tí means a topic about friends.
    • with / and跟gēn in this use can often be replaced by and / with和hé; another with / and跟gēn in to follow after跟着gēn zhehe / him他tāto walk走zǒu means follow him, a different construction.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    A or / still还是hái shì B? (or — in questions)

    A direct choice question asks for an option

    • You ask a guest which of two drinks they prefer.
    • you你nǐto drink tea喝茶hē cháor / still还是hái shìcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi？ — or / still还是hái shì connects the alternatives the guest should choose between.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is A or / still还是hái shì B? (or — in questions). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    you你nǐdrink喝hētea茶cháหรือ还是hái shìcoffee咖啡kā fēi？

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, you你nǐto drink tea喝茶hē cháor / still还是hái shìcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi？: or / still还是hái shì connects the alternatives the guest should choose between.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • This is an alternative question, so no final (yes/no ?)吗ma is needed in the basic frame.
    • or / still还是hái shì also means still or had better in other uses; punctuation alone cannot determine every meaning.

    Use the distinction

    • or / still还是hái shì connects the alternatives the guest should choose between.
    • This is an alternative question, so no final (yes/no ?)吗ma is needed in the basic frame. or / still还是hái shì also means still or had better in other uses; punctuation alone cannot determine every meaning.

    Try it with help closed

    You ask a guest which of two drinks they prefer. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: you你nǐto drink tea喝茶hē cháor / still还是hái shìcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi？

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • This is an alternative question, so no final (yes/no ?)吗ma is needed in the basic frame.
    • or / still还是hái shì also means still or had better in other uses; punctuation alone cannot determine every meaning.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    pertaining to关于guān yú + Topic (about / regarding)

    A topic phrase can describe a book

    • You identify a book whose subject is Chinese history.
    • 这是zhè shì一本yī běnpertaining to关于guān yúChina中国zhōng guóhistory历史lì shǐ(modifier / structural particle)的debook书shū。 — pertaining to关于guān yúChina中国zhōng guóhistory历史lì shǐ describes what the book is about.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is pertaining to关于guān yú + Topic (about / regarding). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    about关于guān yúthis这zhè(measure word)件jiànmatter事shì，I我wǒไม่ใช่不bùknow知道zhī dào。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, 这是zhè shì一本yī běnpertaining to关于guān yúChina中国zhōng guóhistory历史lì shǐ(modifier / structural particle)的debook书shū。: pertaining to关于guān yúChina中国zhōng guóhistory历史lì shǐ describes what the book is about.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • pertaining to关于guān yú can introduce a sentence topic or appear inside a noun modifier with (modifier / structural particle)的de.
    • It is not restricted to sentence-initial position. Identify the noun or clause whose topic it supplies.

    Use the distinction

    • pertaining to关于guān yúChina中国zhōng guóhistory历史lì shǐ describes what the book is about.
    • pertaining to关于guān yú can introduce a sentence topic or appear inside a noun modifier with (modifier / structural particle)的de. It is not restricted to sentence-initial position. Identify the noun or clause whose topic it supplies.

    Try it with help closed

    You identify a book whose subject is Chinese history. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: 这是zhè shì一本yī běnpertaining to关于guān yúChina中国zhōng guóhistory历史lì shǐ(modifier / structural particle)的debook书shū。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • pertaining to关于guān yú can introduce a sentence topic or appear inside a noun modifier with (modifier / structural particle)的de.
    • It is not restricted to sentence-initial position. Identify the noun or clause whose topic it supplies.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    until直到zhí dào … ，… only then / not until才cái … (all the way until)

    A late understanding begins at a boundary

    • An explanation becomes clear to you only now.
    • even now直到现在zhí dào xiàn zài，I / me我wǒonly then / not until才cáiล้าง明白míng bái。 — until直到zhí dào gives the boundary and only then / not until才cái emphasises that understanding did not occur earlier.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is until直到zhí dào … ，… only then / not until才cái … (all the way until). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    until直到zhí dàoตอนนี้现在xiàn zài，I我wǒonly then才cáiunderstand明白míng bai。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, even now直到现在zhí dào xiàn zài，I / me我wǒonly then / not until才cáiล้าง明白míng bái。: until直到zhí dào gives the boundary and only then / not until才cái emphasises that understanding did not occur earlier.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • until直到zhí dào can also mark a continuing action's endpoint without only then / not until才cái: we / us我们wǒ menall along一直yì zhíto wait until等到děng dào十点shí diǎn.
    • Avoid adding only then / not until才cái mechanically when there is no delayed onset to emphasise.

    Use the distinction

    • until直到zhí dào gives the boundary and only then / not until才cái emphasises that understanding did not occur earlier.
    • until直到zhí dào can also mark a continuing action's endpoint without only then / not until才cái: we / us我们wǒ menall along一直yì zhíto wait until等到děng dào十点shí diǎn. Avoid adding only then / not until才cái mechanically when there is no delayed onset to emphasise.

    Try it with help closed

    An explanation becomes clear to you only now. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: even now直到现在zhí dào xiàn zài，I / me我wǒonly then / not until才cáiล้าง明白míng bái。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • until直到zhí dào can also mark a continuing action's endpoint without only then / not until才cái: we / us我们wǒ menall along一直yì zhíto wait until等到děng dào十点shí diǎn.
    • Avoid adding only then / not until才cái mechanically when there is no delayed onset to emphasise.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    towards向xiàng + Direction / Person + Verb (towards)

    An apology has a recipient

    • You apologise to a friend rather than travel toward the friend.
    • I / me我wǒtowards向xiànghe / him他tāto apologize道歉dào qiàn。 — towards向xiànghe / him他tā identifies the person to whom the apology is directed.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is towards向xiàng + Direction / Person + Verb (towards). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    towards向xiàngไปทางซ้าย左zuǒการหมุน转zhuǎn。

    Read examples in context

    we我们wǒ mentowards向xiànghim他tālearn学习xué xí。

    • In the opening example, I / me我wǒtowards向xiànghe / him他tāto apologize道歉dào qiàn。: towards向xiànghe / him他tā identifies the person to whom the apology is directed.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • towards向xiàng works with physical directions and abstract targets.
    • towards向xiànghe / him他tāto learn学习xué xí names a model to learn from; it does not mean physically walking toward him.

    Use the distinction

    • towards向xiànghe / him他tā identifies the person to whom the apology is directed.
    • towards向xiàng works with physical directions and abstract targets. towards向xiànghe / him他tāto learn学习xué xí names a model to learn from; it does not mean physically walking toward him.

    Try it with help closed

    You apologise to a friend rather than travel toward the friend. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: I / me我wǒtowards向xiànghe / him他tāto apologize道歉dào qiàn。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • towards向xiàng works with physical directions and abstract targets.
    • towards向xiànghe / him他tāto learn学习xué xí names a model to learn from; it does not mean physically walking toward him.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    if only只要zhǐ yào … ，then / just就jiù … (as long as)

    A sufficient condition permits entry

    • A venue says a valid ticket is enough to enter.
    • if only只要zhǐ yàoto have / there is有yǒuticket票piào，then / just就jiùcan / be able to能néngto go in进去jìn qù。 — The rule presents having a ticket as sufficient for entry.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is if only只要zhǐ yào … ，then / just就jiù … (as long as). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    as long as只要zhǐ yàowork hard努力nǔ lì，then就jiùcan能néngsucceed成功chéng gōng。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, if only只要zhǐ yàoto have / there is有yǒuticket票piào，then / just就jiùcan / be able to能néngto go in进去jìn qù。: The rule presents having a ticket as sufficient for entry.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • The statement claims sufficiency within the stated rule; it does not assert that nobody can enter by any other authorised method.
    • ความขัดแย้ง only have ...只有zhǐ yǒuto have / there is有yǒuticket票piào，talent才能cái néngto go in进去jìn qù, which makes a ticket necessary.

    Use the distinction

    • The rule presents having a ticket as sufficient for entry.
    • The statement claims sufficiency within the stated rule; it does not assert that nobody can enter by any other authorised method. Contrast only have ...只有zhǐ yǒuto have / there is有yǒuticket票piào，talent才能cái néngto go in进去jìn qù, which makes a ticket necessary.

    Try it with help closed

    A venue says a valid ticket is enough to enter. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: if only只要zhǐ yàoto have / there is有yǒuticket票piào，then / just就jiùcan / be able to能néngto go in进去jìn qù。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • The statement claims sufficiency within the stated rule; it does not assert that nobody can enter by any other authorised method.
    • ความขัดแย้ง only have ...只有zhǐ yǒuto have / there is有yǒuticket票piào，talent才能cái néngto go in进去jìn qù, which makes a ticket necessary.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    … ，only then / not until才cái … (only then / only after)

    A required action comes before access

    • You must finish registration before using an account.
    • to complete完成wán chéngto register注册zhù cè，talent才能cái néngto use使用shǐ yòngaccount number账号zhàng hào。 — Registration is presented as a required condition before use.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is … ，only then / not until才cái … (only then / only after). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    you你nǐwork hard努力nǔ lì，only then才cáican能néngsucceed成功chéng gōng。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, to complete完成wán chéngto register注册zhù cè，talent才能cái néngto use使用shǐ yòngaccount number账号zhàng hào。: Registration is presented as a required condition before use.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • The requirement does not promise that registration alone solves every obstacle.
    • An account could still need approval; distinguish necessary conditions from sufficient ones.

    Use the distinction

    • Registration is presented as a required condition before use.
    • The requirement does not promise that registration alone solves every obstacle. An account could still need approval; distinguish necessary conditions from sufficient ones.

    Try it with help closed

    You must finish registration before using an account. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: to complete完成wán chéngto register注册zhù cè，talent才能cái néngto use使用shǐ yòngaccount number账号zhàng hào。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • The requirement does not promise that registration alone solves every obstacle.
    • An account could still need approval; distinguish necessary conditions from sufficient ones.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    only have ...只有zhǐ yǒu … ，only then / not until才cái … (only if)

    A necessary condition is not a complete recipe

    • A venue permits entry only to people with tickets.
    • only have ...只有zhǐ yǒuto have / there is有yǒuticket票piào，talent才能cái néngto go in进去jìn qù。 — Having a ticket is presented as necessary for entry.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is only have ...只有zhǐ yǒu … ，only then / not until才cái … (only if). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    only if只有zhǐ yǒuwork hard努力nǔ lì，only then才cáican能néngsucceed成功chéng gōng。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, only have ...只有zhǐ yǒuto have / there is有yǒuticket票piào，talent才能cái néngto go in进去jìn qù。: Having a ticket is presented as necessary for entry.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • The rule need not say that a ticket alone is sufficient; identity checks may also be required.
    • if only只要zhǐ yàoto have / there is有yǒuticket票piào，then / just就jiùcan / be able to能néngto go in进去jìn qù instead presents a ticket as enough under that stated rule.

    Use the distinction

    • Having a ticket is presented as necessary for entry.
    • The rule need not say that a ticket alone is sufficient; identity checks may also be required. if only只要zhǐ yàoto have / there is有yǒuticket票piào，then / just就jiùcan / be able to能néngto go in进去jìn qù instead presents a ticket as enough under that stated rule.

    Try it with help closed

    A venue permits entry only to people with tickets. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: only have ...只有zhǐ yǒuto have / there is有yǒuticket票piào，talent才能cái néngto go in进去jìn qù。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • The rule need not say that a ticket alone is sufficient; identity checks may also be required.
    • if only只要zhǐ yàoto have / there is有yǒuticket票piào，then / just就jiùcan / be able to能néngto go in进去jìn qù instead presents a ticket as enough under that stated rule.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    besides除了chú le … all / both都dōu / still / also还hái (except / besides)

    An exception differs from an addition

    • All classmates arrived except one, and a multilingual student speaks English as well as Chinese.
    • besides除了chú lehe / him他tā，everyone大家dà jiāall / both都dōuto come来lái(completed / change)了le。besides除了chú leChinese language中文zhōng wén，she / her她tāstill / also还háican / will会huìEnglish (language)英文yīng wén。 — all / both都dōu helps mark the exception; still / also还hái helps mark the additional skill.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is besides除了chú le … all / both都dōu / still / also还hái (except / besides). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    except除了chú lehim他tā，everyone大家dà jiāทั้งหมด都dōucome来lái了le。

    Read examples in context

    besides除了chú leChinese中文Zhōng wén，he他tāalso还háican会huìภาษาอังกฤษ英文Yīng wén。

    • In the opening example, besides除了chú lehe / him他tā，everyone大家dà jiāall / both都dōuto come来lái(completed / change)了le。besides除了chú leChinese language中文zhōng wén，she / her她tāstill / also还háican / will会huìEnglish (language)英文yīng wén。: all / both都dōu helps mark the exception; still / also还hái helps mark the additional skill.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • Read the whole predicate and context instead of treating a single partner word as an infallible switch.
    • The first sentence excludes him from the arrival claim; the second includes both skills.

    Use the distinction

    • all / both都dōu helps mark the exception; still / also还hái helps mark the additional skill.
    • Read the whole predicate and context instead of treating a single partner word as an infallible switch. The first sentence excludes him from the arrival claim; the second includes both skills.

    Try it with help closed

    All classmates arrived except one, and a multilingual student speaks English as well as Chinese. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: besides除了chú lehe / him他tā，everyone大家dà jiāall / both都dōuto come来lái(completed / change)了le。besides除了chú leChinese language中文zhōng wén，she / her她tāstill / also还háican / will会huìEnglish (language)英文yīng wén。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • Read the whole predicate and context instead of treating a single partner word as an infallible switch.
    • The first sentence excludes him from the arrival claim; the second includes both skills.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    ถ้า如果rú guǒ … if (coming after a…的话de huà (if …)

    An invitation depends on free time

    • A friend invites you to come if you are available.
    • ถ้า如果rú guǒto have / there is有yǒu(concept of) time时间shí jiānif (coming after a…的话de huà，then / just就jiùto come来lái(suggestion)吧ba。 — if (coming after a…的话de huà closes the stated condition before the invitation.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is ถ้า如果rú guǒ … if (coming after a…的话de huà (if …). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    ถ้า如果rú guǒhave有yǒuเวลา时间shí jiān(if)的话de huà，then就jiùcome来lái吧ba。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, ถ้า如果rú guǒto have / there is有yǒu(concept of) time时间shí jiānif (coming after a…的话de huà，then / just就jiùto come来lái(suggestion)吧ba。: if (coming after a…的话de huà closes the stated condition before the invitation.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • ถ้า如果rú guǒto have / there is有yǒu(concept of) time时间shí jiān，then / just就jiùto come来lái(suggestion)吧ba is also natural.
    • if (coming after a…的话de huà is optional in this frame; it does not guarantee a polite tone regardless of the rest of the sentence.

    Use the distinction

    • if (coming after a…的话de huà closes the stated condition before the invitation.
    • ถ้า如果rú guǒto have / there is有yǒu(concept of) time时间shí jiān，then / just就jiùto come来lái(suggestion)吧ba is also natural. if (coming after a…的话de huà is optional in this frame; it does not guarantee a polite tone regardless of the rest of the sentence.

    Try it with help closed

    A friend invites you to come if you are available. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: ถ้า如果rú guǒto have / there is有yǒu(concept of) time时间shí jiānif (coming after a…的话de huà，then / just就jiùto come来lái(suggestion)吧ba。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • ถ้า如果rú guǒto have / there is有yǒu(concept of) time时间shí jiān，then / just就jiùto come来lái(suggestion)吧ba is also natural.
    • if (coming after a…的话de huà is optional in this frame; it does not guarantee a polite tone regardless of the rest of the sentence.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    ถ้า如果rú guǒ … ，then / just就jiù … (if …, then …)

    A backup plan depends on rain

    • The group plans not to go outside if it rains.
    • ถ้า如果rú guǒto rain下雨xià yǔ，we / us我们wǒ menthen / just就jiùไม่ใช่不bùto go去qù。 — Rain is the condition; not going is the planned consequence.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is ถ้า如果rú guǒ … ，then / just就jiù … (if …, then …). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    ถ้า如果rú guǒฝน下雨xià yǔ，then就jiùไม่ใช่不bùgo去qù。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, ถ้า如果rú guǒto rain下雨xià yǔ，we / us我们wǒ menthen / just就jiùไม่ใช่不bùto go去qù。: Rain is the condition; not going is the planned consequence.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • ถ้า如果rú guǒto rain下雨xià yǔ，we / us我们wǒ men不去bù qù is also possible.
    • then / just就jiù often makes the condition-result link explicit, but is not compulsory in every ถ้า如果rú guǒ sentence. No rain has been asserted yet.

    Use the distinction

    • Rain is the condition; not going is the planned consequence.
    • ถ้า如果rú guǒto rain下雨xià yǔ，we / us我们wǒ men不去bù qù is also possible. then / just就jiù often makes the condition-result link explicit, but is not compulsory in every ถ้า如果rú guǒ sentence. No rain has been asserted yet.

    Try it with help closed

    The group plans not to go outside if it rains. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: ถ้า如果rú guǒto rain下雨xià yǔ，we / us我们wǒ menthen / just就jiùไม่ใช่不bùto go去qù。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • ถ้า如果rú guǒto rain下雨xià yǔ，we / us我们wǒ men不去bù qù is also possible.
    • then / just就jiù often makes the condition-result link explicit, but is not compulsory in every ถ้า如果rú guǒ sentence. No rain has been asserted yet.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    not only (... but also ...)不但bù dàn … ，moreover而且ér qiě … (not only … but also)

    Two points can concern different people

    • You describe a household in which both siblings can speak Chinese.
    • not only (... but also ...)不但bù dànolder brother哥哥gē gēcan / will会huìChinese language中文zhōng wén，moreover而且ér qiěyounger sister妹妹mèi mèialso也yěcan / will会huì。 — The second clause adds the sister's ability to the brother's.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is not only (... but also ...)不但bù dàn … ，moreover而且ér qiě … (not only … but also). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    this这zhè(measure word)个gedish菜càinot only不但bú dàncheap便宜pián yi，but also而且ér qiětasty好吃hǎo chī。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, not only (... but also ...)不但bù dànolder brother哥哥gē gēcan / will会huìChinese language中文zhōng wén，moreover而且ér qiěyounger sister妹妹mèi mèialso也yěcan / will会huì。: The second clause adds the sister's ability to the brother's.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • สถานที่ not only (... but also ...)不但bù dàn before the first subject when the subjects differ.
    • With a shared subject, he / him他tānot only (... but also ...)不但bù dàncan / will会huìChinese language中文zhōng wén，moreover而且ér qiěcan / will会huìEnglish (language)英文yīng wén is natural. The frame need not always describe only one subject.

    Use the distinction

    • The second clause adds the sister's ability to the brother's.
    • สถานที่ not only (... but also ...)不但bù dàn before the first subject when the subjects differ. With a shared subject, he / him他tānot only (... but also ...)不但bù dàncan / will会huìChinese language中文zhōng wén，moreover而且ér qiěcan / will会huìEnglish (language)英文yīng wén is natural. The frame need not always describe only one subject.

    Try it with help closed

    You describe a household in which both siblings can speak Chinese. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: not only (... but also ...)不但bù dànolder brother哥哥gē gēcan / will会huìChinese language中文zhōng wén，moreover而且ér qiěyounger sister妹妹mèi mèialso也yěcan / will会huì。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • สถานที่ not only (... but also ...)不但bù dàn before the first subject when the subjects differ.
    • With a shared subject, he / him他tānot only (... but also ...)不但bù dàncan / will会huìChinese language中文zhōng wén，moreover而且ér qiěcan / will会huìEnglish (language)英文yīng wén is natural. The frame need not always describe only one subject.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    or / still还是hái shì เทียบกับ หรือ或者huò zhě (or: question vs statement)

    An embedded question still asks for a choice

    • You do not know which drink a guest prefers.
    • I / me我wǒไม่ใช่不bùto know知道zhī dàohe / him他tāto drink tea喝茶hē cháor / still还是hái shìcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi。 — or / still还是hái shì keeps the alternative choice inside the statement of uncertainty.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is or / still还是hái shì เทียบกับ หรือ或者huò zhě (or: question vs statement). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    you你nǐdrink喝hētea茶cháหรือ还是hái shìcoffee咖啡kā fēi？

    Read examples in context

    tea茶cháหรือ或者huò zhěcoffee咖啡kā fēiทั้งสองอย่าง都dōufine行xíng。

    • In the opening example, I / me我wǒไม่ใช่不bùto know知道zhī dàohe / him他tāto drink tea喝茶hē cháor / still还是hái shìcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi。: or / still还是hái shì keeps the alternative choice inside the statement of uncertainty.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • Compare ( เปรียบเทียบ ) tea茶cháหรือ或者huò zhěcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi都行dōu xíng, a statement offering acceptable options.
    • Choose or / still还是hái shì for an alternative question, including an embedded one, rather than using the whole sentence's final punctuation alone.

    Use the distinction

    • or / still还是hái shì keeps the alternative choice inside the statement of uncertainty.
    • Compare ( เปรียบเทียบ ) tea茶cháหรือ或者huò zhěcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi都行dōu xíng, a statement offering acceptable options. Choose or / still还是hái shì for an alternative question, including an embedded one, rather than using the whole sentence's final punctuation alone.

    Try it with help closed

    You do not know which drink a guest prefers. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: I / me我wǒไม่ใช่不bùto know知道zhī dàohe / him他tāto drink tea喝茶hē cháor / still还是hái shìcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • Compare ( เปรียบเทียบ ) tea茶cháหรือ或者huò zhěcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi都行dōu xíng, a statement offering acceptable options.
    • Choose or / still还是hái shì for an alternative question, including an embedded one, rather than using the whole sentence's final punctuation alone.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

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