文化的格局与过程

AP 人文地理 · 第 3 主题

训练

讲义词汇表

3.1

文化导论

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
PSO-3 Cultural practices vary across geographical locations because of physical geography and available resources.	PSO-3.A Define the characteristics, attitudes, and traits that influence geographers when they study culture.	PSO-3.A.1 Culture comprises the shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society. PSO-3.A.2 Cultural traits include such things as food preferences, architecture, and land use. PSO-3.A.3 Cultural relativism and ethnocentrism are different attitudes toward cultural difference.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

文化(culture)是一群人共享的一套信念、价值、实践和物品。地理学家把它分成两部分:

物质文化(material culture)——人们制造和使用的东西(衣服、工具、食物、建筑、艺术)。
非物质文化(nonmaterial culture)——人们持有的思想(语言、宗教、价值、规则)。

一个文化特征(cultural trait)是文化的一个单一元素(用筷子);一组相连的特征是一个文化丛(cultural complex)。文化相对论(cultural relativism)是用一个文化自己的标准而不是你自己的来评判它的做法。

Chinatown signs: culture is shared practices, values and symbols that people learn and pass on

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Culture	文化	wén huà
Material culture	物质文化	wù zhì wén huà
Nonmaterial culture	非物质文化	fēi wù zhì wén huà
cultural trait	文化特征	wén huà tè zhēng
Cultural relativism	文化相对论	wén huà xiāng duì lùn

练习卷

3.2

文化景观

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
PSO-3 Cultural practices vary across geographical locations because of physical geography and available resources.	PSO-3.B Describe the characteristics of cultural landscapes.	PSO-3.B.1 Cultural landscapes are combinations of physical features, agricultural and industrial practices, religious and linguistic characteristics, evidence of sequent occupancy, and other expressions of culture including traditional and postmodern architecture and land-use patterns.
	PSO-3.C Explain how landscape features and land and resource use reflect cultural beliefs and identities.	PSO-3.C.1 Attitudes toward ethnicity and gender, including the role of women in the workforce; ethnic neighborhoods; and indigenous communities and lands help shape the use of space in a given society.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

文化景观(cultural landscape)是人类活动在土地上可见的印记——建筑、农场、道路、标志和纪念碑。它记录制造它的人们的价值。

承继占用(sequent occupance)是每个住在一个地方的群体在景观上留下一层的思想,所以景观显示它的整个历史。
族裔聚居区(ethnic enclaves)、宗教建筑,和标志上的语言都是谁住在那里以及他们珍视什么的可读线索。

一座大而华丽的中国传统牌楼,绿色琉璃瓦屋顶横跨街道,标志着西雅图唐人街的入口 — 西雅图的一座唐人街牌楼:建筑和双语标志标出一个族裔聚居区,是一个群体在文化景观上清晰的印记

Chinatown street signs: cultural landscapes and diffusion leave lasting patterns in cities

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
cultural landscape	文化景观	wén huà jǐng guān
Sequent occupance	承继占用	chéng jì zhàn yòng
Ethnic enclaves	族裔聚居区	zú yì jù jū qū
Diffusion	扩散	kuò sàn

练习卷

3.3

文化格局

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
PSO-3 Cultural practices vary across geographical locations because of physical geography and available resources.	PSO-3.D Explain patterns and landscapes of language, religion, ethnicity, and gender.	PSO-3.D.1 Regional patterns of language, religion, and ethnicity contribute to a sense of place, enhance placemaking, and shape the global cultural landscape. PSO-3.D.2 Language, ethnicity, and religion are factors in creating centripetal and centrifugal forces.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

文化以格局跨空间扩散。关键思想:

向心力(centripetal forces)把一个群体拉到一起(一个共享的语言或宗教);离心力(centrifugal forces)把它推开。
文化适应(acculturation)(采用另一个文化的一些特征同时保持你自己的)、同化(assimilation)(完全融入另一个文化),和融合(syncretism)(两个文化融合成某种新的东西)描述文化在接触时如何变化。
一门通用语(lingua franca)是说不同第一语言的群体之间使用的一门共同语言。

Three outcomes when two cultures meet — 文化适应保持你自己的文化,同化取代它,融合把两者混成新的东西

Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。 "解释食物偏好如何能是一个文化特征。"(2023)满分答案:"许多菜肴使用某一个文化群体独有的配料或烹饪方式——例如一道国菜——所以选择和吃那种食物表达了对该群体的归属,这就是使它成为文化特征的原因。" 命令词 Explain(解释)需要一个联系,而不是一个定义:把食物偏好与共享文化的概念连接起来。只列出食物得零分。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Centripetal forces	向心力	xiàng xīn lì
centrifugal forces	离心力	lí xīn lì
Acculturation	文化适应	wén huà shì yìng
assimilation	同化	tóng huà
syncretism	融合	róng hé
lingua franca	通用语	tōng yòng yǔ

练习卷

3.4

扩散的类型

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
IMP-3 The interaction of people contributes to the spread of cultural practices.	IMP-3.A Define the types of diffusion.	IMP-3.A.1 Relocation and expansion—including contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus expansion—are types of diffusion.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

四种扩散类型

扩散(diffusion)是一个文化特征从它的源地(hearth)(起源地)向新地区的传播。有两个大家族。

迁移和扩展扩散(传染、等级、刺激) — 迁移扩散随移民移动;扩展扩散向外传播同时留在源头

迁移扩散(relocation diffusion)——特征随着人们迁移而移动,所以它出现在新地方但可能在源头消退。
扩展扩散(expansion diffusion)——特征向外传播同时在源头保持强。它有三种类型:
- 传染扩散(contagious)——人对人地传播给附近的人(像一个病毒视频)。
- 等级扩散(hierarchical)——先从大的、重要的地方跳到其他大的地方(来自大城市的一个时尚)。
- 刺激扩散(stimulus)——即使确切的特征改变,底层的思想也传播(一个全球品牌本地地调整它的菜单)。

探索

Which type of diffusion is it?

Relocation diffusion moves with migrants; contagious spreads to everyone nearby; hierarchical jumps between big places; stimulus spreads the idea while the form changes.

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
hearth	源地	yuán dì
Relocation diffusion	迁移扩散	qiān yí kuò sàn
Expansion diffusion	扩展扩散	kuò zhǎn kuò sàn
Contagious	传染扩散	chuán rǎn kuò sàn
Hierarchical	等级扩散	děng jí kuò sàn
Stimulus	刺激扩散	cì jī kuò sàn

练习卷

3.5 3.6

扩散的历史原因

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
SPS-3 Cultural ideas, practices, and innovations change or disappear over time.	SPS-3.A Explain how historical processes impact current cultural patterns.	SPS-3.A.1 Interactions between and among cultural traits and larger global forces can lead to new forms of cultural expression; for example, creolization and lingua franca. SPS-3.A.2 Colonialism, imperialism, and trade helped to shape patterns and practices of culture.

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
SPS-3 Cultural ideas, practices, and innovations change or disappear over time.	SPS-3.A Explain how historical processes impact current cultural patterns.	SPS-3.A.3 Cultural ideas and practices are socially constructed and change through both small-scale and large-scale processes such as urbanization and globalization. These processes come to bear on culture through media, technological change, politics, economics, and social relationships. SPS-3.A.4 Communication technologies, such as the internet and the time-space convergence, are reshaping and accelerating interactions among people; changing cultural practices, as in the increasing use of English and the loss of indigenous languages; and creating cultural convergence and divergence.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

扩散有历史和当代的原因。

历史:殖民主义(colonialism)、帝国主义(imperialism)、贸易,和宗教的传播几个世纪以来把文化带到世界各地。
当代:全球化(globalisation)、互联网、交通,和时空压缩巨大地加速扩散——一个趋势现在能在几小时内传遍全世界。

这些力量能传播文化但也威胁本地传统,引发关于一个全球文化与本地身份的辩论。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
colonialism	殖民主义	zhí mín zhǔ yì
imperialism	帝国主义	dì guó zhǔ yì
globalisation	全球化	quán qiú huà

练习卷练习卷

3.7

宗教与语言的扩散

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
IMP-3 The interaction of people contributes to the spread of cultural practices.	IMP-3.B Explain what factors lead to the diffusion of universalizing and ethnic religions.	IMP-3.B.1 Language families, languages, dialects, world religions, ethnic cultures, and gender roles diffuse from cultural hearths. IMP-3.B.2 Diffusion of language families, including Indo-European, and religious patterns and distributions can be visually represented on maps, in charts and toponyms, and in other representations. IMP-3.B.3 Religions have distinct places of origin from which they diffused to other locations through different processes. Practices and belief systems impacted how widespread the religion diffused. IMP-3.B.4 Universalizing religions, including Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Sikhism, are spread through expansion and relocation diffusion. IMP-3.B.5 Ethnic religions, including Hinduism and Judaism, are generally found near the hearth or spread through relocation diffusion.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

宗教和语言是文化扩散最清晰的两个例子。

普世宗教(universalising religions)(基督教、伊斯兰教、佛教)主动寻求皈依者并通过扩展和迁移扩散广泛传播。民族宗教(ethnic religions)(印度教、犹太教)与一个群体绑定,主要通过迁移传播。
语言属于语系(language families);它们随着迁移和贸易传播,并能分裂成方言(dialects)或随着说话者转向一门主导语言而消亡。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Universalising religions	普世宗教	pǔ shì zōng jiào
Ethnic religions	民族宗教	mín zú zōng jiào
language families	语系	yǔ xì
dialects	方言	fāng yán

练习卷

3.8

扩散的影响

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
SPS-3 Cultural ideas, practices, and innovations change or disappear over time.	SPS-3.B Explain how the process of diffusion results in changes to the cultural landscape.	SPS-3.B.1 Acculturation, assimilation, syncretism, and multiculturalism are effects of the diffusion of culture.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

当文化传播并相遇时,几个结果随之而来:

文化趋同(cultural convergence)——文化随着它们共享特征而变得更相似(全球品牌、网上的英语)。
文化分化(cultural divergence)——一个文化变得更独特,常常为了抵抗外部影响。
扩散能用新的食物、音乐和思想丰富一个地方,但也能侵蚀本地语言和传统——一个全球化世界的一个核心张力。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Cultural convergence	文化趋同	wén huà qū tóng
Cultural divergence	文化分化	wén huà fēn huà

练习卷

3.8

考试技巧

把迁移扩散(人移动)与扩展扩散(思想传播并留在它的源头)区分开。
精确地命名扩展的子类型:传染、等级或刺激。
把普世宗教(寻求皈依者)与民族宗教(主要通过出生传播)分开。
用文化景观——建筑、地名(toponyms)、承继占用——作为过去群体的证据。
对于效应,把文化适应、同化和融合保持分明;它们不相同。

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