工业与经济发展的格局与过程

AP 人文地理 · 第 7 主题

训练

讲义词汇表

7.1

工业革命

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
SPS-7 Industrialization, past and present, has facilitated improvements in standards of living, but it has also contributed to geographically uneven development.	SPS-7.A Explain how the Industrial Revolution facilitated the growth and diffusion of industrialization.	SPS-7.A.1 Industrialization began as a result of new technologies and was facilitated by the availability of natural resources. SPS-7.A.2 As industrialization spread it caused food supplies to increase and populations to grow; it allowed workers to seek new industrial jobs in the cities and changed class structures. SPS-7.A.3 Investors in industry sought out more raw materials and new markets, a factor that contributed to the rise of colonialism and imperialism.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

工业革命(Industrial Revolution)(从 1700 年代)把生产从家庭里的手工工具转移到工厂里的机器,先在英国然后遍及全世界。它改造了地理:

工业聚集在资源(煤、铁)和交通(河流、港口、铁路)汇合的地方。
它随着工人搬到工厂城市而驱动城市化,并开始世界地区之间巨大的、不均匀的财富扩散。
转运点(break-of-bulk points)(货物改变运输的港口、铁路枢纽)成为关键的工业位置。

一艘巨大的集装箱船正被高高的门式起重机在繁忙的港口卸货 — 一个集装箱港口:船、起重机和铁路在这里交汇,所以货物改变运输方式。这样的转运点成为主要的工业位置

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Industrial Revolution	工业革命	gōng yè gé mìng
Break-of-bulk points	转运点	zhuǎn yùn diǎn

练习卷

7.2

经济部门与格局

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
SPS-7 Industrialization, past and present, has facilitated improvements in standards of living, but it has also contributed to geographically uneven development.	SPS-7.B Explain the spatial patterns of industrial production and development.	SPS-7.B.1 The different economic sectors—including primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary—are characterized by distinct development patterns. SPS-7.B.2 Labor, transportation (including shipping containers), the break-of-bulk point, least cost theory, markets, and resources influence the location of manufacturing such as core, semiperiphery, and periphery locations.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

韦伯最小成本区位论

一个经济的工作落入部门,而随着一个国家发展这个组合转变。

随着一个国家发展就业从第一产业转向第二产业转向第三产业 — 随着发展上升,工人从第一产业(农业)转向第二产业(工业)转向第三和第四产业(服务)

第一产业(primary sector)——提取原材料(农业、采矿、渔业)。
第二产业(secondary sector)——把原材料制造成物品。

几只明亮的黄色机械臂在一条自动化生产线上焊接金属零件 — 机器人在工厂生产线上焊接:第二产业把原材料变成成品,越来越多地用自动化

第三产业(tertiary sector)——服务(零售、运输、医疗)。
第四产业(quaternary)和第五产业(quinary sectors)——信息、研究,和顶层决策。

较穷的经济依赖第一产业;较富的依赖第三和第四产业。韦伯最小成本理论(Weber's least-cost theory)解释工厂在哪里选址,平衡运输、劳动和集聚的成本。

Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。 "解释去工业化如何影响了核心国家的经济。"(2025)满分答案:"随着工厂关闭或迁往国外,核心国家的经济从制造业转向服务业和高科技工作,所以许多制造业工人失去了工作,而新的第三和第四产业工作增长了。" 命令词 Explain(解释)要求机制:说出变化(制造业的流失)并且把它贯彻到它的经济影响。像"失业"这样的一个单词答案不够。

探索

Which economic sector?

The primary sector extracts raw materials; the secondary sector manufactures goods; the tertiary sector provides services; the quaternary sector handles information and research.

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Primary sector	第一产业	dì yī chǎn yè
Secondary sector	第二产业	dì èr chǎn yè
Tertiary sector	第三产业	dì sān chǎn yè
Quaternary	第四产业	dì sì chǎn yè
Weber's least-cost theory	韦伯最小成本理论	wéi bó zuì xiǎo chéng běn lǐ lùn

练习卷

7.3

发展的衡量指标

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
SPS-7 Industrialization, past and present, has facilitated improvements in standards of living, but it has also contributed to geographically uneven development.	SPS-7.C Describe social and economic measures of development.	SPS-7.C.1 Measures of social and economic development include Gross Domestic Product (GDP); Gross National Product (GNP); and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita; sectoral structure of an economy, both formal and informal; income distribution; fertility rates; infant mortality rates; access to health care; use of fossil fuels and renewable energy; and literacy rates. SPS-7.C.2 Measures of gender inequality, such as the Gender Inequality Index (GII), include reproductive health, indices of empowerment, and labor-market participation. SPS-7.C.3 The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure used to show spatial variation among states in levels of development.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

发展(development)是改善人们经济和社会福祉的过程。它以几种方式测量:

人均国内生产总值(GDP)(Gross Domestic Product per capita)——每人的经济产出;一个常见但不完整的衡量。
人类发展指数(HDI)(Human Development Index)把收入、教育(受教育年数)和健康(预期寿命)结合成一个从 0 到 1 的分数——比单独金钱更完整的图画。
性别不平等指数(GII)(Gender Inequality Index)和基尼系数(Gini coefficient)(收入不平等)增加社会细节。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Development	发展	fā zhǎn
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita	人均国内生产总值	rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí
Human Development Index (HDI)	人类发展指数	rén lèi fā zhǎn zhǐ shù
Gender Inequality Index (GII)	性别不平等指数	xìng bié bù píng děng zhǐ shù
Gini coefficient	基尼系数	jī ní xì shù

练习卷

7.4

妇女与经济发展

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
SPS-7 Industrialization, past and present, has facilitated improvements in standards of living, but it has also contributed to geographically uneven development.	SPS-7.D Explain how and to what extent changes in economic development have contributed to gender parity.	SPS-7.D.1 The roles of women change as countries develop economically. SPS-7.D.2 Although there are more women in the workforce, they do not have equity in wages or employment opportunities. SPS-7.D.3 Microloans have provided opportunities for women to create small local businesses, which have improved standards of living.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

女性的角色既是发展的一个原因也是一个衡量。

随着经济发展,更多女性进入有偿工作和教育,这提高家庭收入并降低生育率(与人口转变联系回去)。
小额信贷(microfinance)——小额贷款,常常给女性——帮助在较穷的地区创办企业。
报酬、土地所有权和教育上的性别差距阻碍发展;弥合它们是联合国的一个关键目标。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Microfinance	小额信贷	xiǎo é xìn dài

练习卷

7.5

发展理论

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
SPS-7 Industrialization, past and present, has facilitated improvements in standards of living, but it has also contributed to geographically uneven development.	SPS-7.E Explain different theories of economic and social development.	SPS-7.E.1 Different theories, such as Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth, Wallerstein’s World System Theory, dependency theory, and commodity dependence, help explain spatial variations in development.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

沃勒斯坦世界体系理论

罗斯托经济增长阶段论

两个著名的理论解释为什么一些地区富有而另一些贫穷。

罗斯托的五个经济增长阶段 — 罗斯托把发展看作经过五个阶段的一次攀登;批评者说它忽略全球不平等

罗斯托发展阶段(Rostow's stages of growth)——每个国家经过五个阶段攀登:传统社会、起飞前的先决条件、起飞、走向成熟,和大众消费时代。它乐观但假设所有国家能遵循同一条路径。
沃勒斯坦世界体系理论(Wallerstein's world-systems theory)把世界分成一个富有的核心(core)、一个较穷的边缘(periphery),和一个中间的半边缘(semi-periphery)。核心保持富有部分地通过使用边缘的廉价劳动和资源——一个挑战罗斯托的依附(dependency)观点。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Rostow's stages of growth	罗斯托发展阶段	luó sī tuō fā zhǎn jiē duàn
Wallerstein's world-systems theory	沃勒斯坦世界体系理论	wò lēi sī tǎn shì jiè tǐ xì lǐ lùn
core	核心	hé xīn
periphery	边缘	biān yuán
semi-periphery	半边缘	bàn biān yuán
dependency	依附	yī fù

练习卷

7.6 7.7

贸易与世界经济

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
PSO-7 Economic and social development happen at different times and rates in different places.	PSO-7.A Explain causes and geographic consequences of recent economic changes such as the increase in international trade, deindustrialization, and growing interdependence in the world economy.	PSO-7.A.1 Complementarity and comparative advantage establish the basis for trade. PSO-7.A.2 Neoliberal policies, including free trade agreements, have created new organizations, spatial connections, and trade relationships, such as the EU, World Trade Organization (WTO), Mercosur, and OPEC, that foster greater globalization. PSO-7.A.3 Government initiatives at all scales may affect economic development, including tariffs. PSO-7.A.4 Global financial crises (e.g., debt crises), international lending agencies (e.g., the International Monetary Fund), and strategies of development (e.g., microlending) demonstrate how different economies have become more closely connected, even interdependent.

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
PSO-7 Economic and social development happen at different times and rates in different places.	PSO-7.A Explain causes and geographic consequences of recent economic changes such as the increase in international trade, deindustrialization, and growing interdependence in the world economy.	PSO-7.A.5 Outsourcing and economic restructuring have led to a decline in jobs in core regions and an increase in jobs in newly industrialized countries. PSO-7.A.6 In countries outside the core, the growth of industry has resulted in the creation of new manufacturing zones—including special economic zones, free-trade zones, and export- processing zones—and the emergence of an international division of labor in which developing countries have lower-paying jobs. PSO-7.A.7 The contemporary economic landscape has been transformed by post-Fordist methods of production, multiplier effects, economies of scale, agglomeration, just-in-time delivery, the emergence of service sectors, high technology industries, and growth poles.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

国家由贸易联系,它重塑发展。

比较优势(comparative advantage)意味着每个国家通过专门于它最高效制造的并为其余交易而获益。
互补性(complementarity)和新自由主义(neoliberal)自由贸易政策,加上像 WTO 和贸易集团(欧盟、USMCA)这样的组织,深化了全球化。
外包(outsourcing)和全球供应链把制造业移到较低成本的国家,改变世界的物品在哪里——以及由谁——制造。经济特区(special economic zones)用税收减免吸引这种投资。

Container ports link global trade: goods, capital and ideas move through the world economy

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Comparative advantage	比较优势	bǐ jiào yōu shì
Outsourcing	外包	wài bāo
Special economic zones	经济特区	jīng jì tè qū

练习卷练习卷

7.8

可持续发展

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
IMP-7 Environmental problems stemming from industrialization may be remedied through sustainable development strategies.	IMP-7.A Explain how sustainability principles relate to and impact industrialization and spatial development.	IMP-7.A.1 Sustainable development policies attempt to remedy problems stemming from natural-resource depletion, mass consumption, the effects of pollution, and the impact of climate change. IMP-7.A.2 Ecotourism is tourism based in natural environments—often environments that are threatened by looming industrialization or development—that frequently helps to protect the environment in question while also providing jobs for the local population. IMP-7.A.3 The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals help measure progress in development, such as small-scale finance and public transportation projects.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

可持续发展(sustainable development)满足当前的需要而不伤害未来世代满足他们的能力。

它试图平衡经济增长、社会公平和环境保护——"三大支柱"。
生态旅游(ecotourism)和小规模的、可再生的项目能发展一个经济同时保护环境。
联合国的可持续发展目标(SDGs)(Sustainable Development Goals)为贫困、健康、教育和气候设定共享的目标——今天衡量进展的一个常见方式。

A solar farm: sustainable development balances growth with long-term environmental capacity

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Sustainable development	可持续发展	kě chí xù fā zhǎn
Ecotourism	生态旅游	shēng tài lǚ yóu
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)	可持续发展目标	kě chí xù fā zhǎn mù biāo

练习卷

7.8

考试技巧

按部门(第一到第五产业)给工作分类并把这个组合与发展水平联系起来。
偏好 HDI 而不是人均 GDP ——它增加教育和预期寿命。
把罗斯托阶段与世界体系(核心和边缘)和依附理论对比。
在任何贸易答案里使用比较优势和关税的效应。
引入可持续发展和生态足迹以获得评价分数。

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