Theories of Development · 发展理论
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Rostow's stages of growth/ˈrɒstəʊz ˈsteɪdʒɪz ɒv ɡrəʊθ/ | 罗斯托发展阶段 | luó sī tuō fā zhǎn jiē duàn |
| Wallerstein's world-systems theory/ˈwɒləstaɪnz wɜːld ˈsɪstəmz ˈθɪəri/ | 沃勒斯坦世界体系理论 | wò lēi sī tǎn shì jiè tǐ xì lǐ lùn |
| core/kɔː/ | 核心 | hé xīn |
| periphery/pəˈrɪfəri/ | 边缘 | biān yuán |
| semi-periphery/ˈsemi pəˈrɪfəri/ | 半边缘 | bàn biān yuán |
| dependency/dɪˈpendənsi/ | 依附 | yī fù |
Two big theories
- Two famous theories explain why some regions are rich and others poor.
- Rostow's stages of growth 罗斯托发展阶段 is optimistic: every country can climb.
- Wallerstein's world-systems theory 沃勒斯坦世界体系理论 is critical: the system keeps some poor.
两大理论
- 两个著名理论解释为什么有些地区富、有些穷。
- 罗斯托发展阶段(Rostow's stages of growth)是乐观的:每个国家都能攀登。
- 沃勒斯坦世界体系理论(Wallerstein's world-systems theory)是批判的:系统使一些地方保持贫穷。
Rostow's ladder
- Rostow says every country climbs five stages to mass consumption.
- Traditional → preconditions → take-off → drive to maturity → mass consumption.
- Critics say it ignores global inequalities and assumes one path fits all.
罗斯托的阶梯
- 罗斯托说每个国家攀登五个阶段到达大众消费。
- 传统社会 → 起飞前提 → 起飞 → 走向成熟 → 大众消费。
- 批评者说它忽视全球不平等,并假设一条道路适合所有人。
Which theory divides the world into core, periphery, and semi-periphery? · 哪种理论将世界划分为核心、边缘和半边缘？
Wallerstein's world-systems theory uses core/periphery/semi-periphery. · 沃勒斯坦的世界体系理论使用核心/边缘/半边缘划分。
Rostow says every country climbs ____ stages to mass consumption. · 罗斯托认为每个国家必须经历____个阶段才能实现大众消费。
Rostow's model has five stages of growth. · 罗斯托模型有五个增长阶段。
Order Rostow's stages of growth. · 按顺序排列罗斯托的增长阶段。
Rostow: traditional → preconditions → take-off → maturity → mass consumption. · 罗斯托：传统 → 前提条件 → 起飞 → 成熟 → 大众消费。
Wallerstein's world-system
- Wallerstein divides the world into core 核心, periphery 边缘, and semi-periphery 半边缘.
- The wealthy core stays rich by using the periphery's cheap labour and resources.
- This dependency 依附 view challenges Rostow's optimism.
沃勒斯坦的世界体系
- 沃勒斯坦把世界分为核心(core)、边缘(periphery)和半边缘(semi-periphery)。
- 富裕的核心通过使用边缘的廉价劳动力和资源而保持富有。
- 这种依附(dependency)观点挑战罗斯托的乐观。
Rostow or Wallerstein? · 罗斯托或沃勒斯坦？
Sort each idea by which development theory it belongs to. · 按所属发展理论对每个观点进行分类。
Wallerstein's theory argues the global system keeps the periphery poor. · 沃勒斯坦的理论认为全球体系使边缘地区保持贫困。
It is a dependency view: the core stays rich by exploiting the periphery. · 这是一种依附观点：核心通过剥削边缘保持富裕。
Match each region to its role in Wallerstein's theory. · 将每个区域与其在沃勒斯坦理论中的角色匹配。
Core = rich; periphery = poor; semi-periphery = middle. · 核心 = 富裕；边缘 = 贫困；半边缘 = 中间阶层。
Rostow and Wallerstein disagree fundamentally. Rostow says any country can climb the ladder with the right steps; Wallerstein says the global system is structured to keep the core rich and the periphery poor. Know both — the exam often asks you to contrast them.
罗斯托和沃勒斯坦根本上不同意。罗斯托说任何国家只要走对步骤都能攀登阶梯;沃勒斯坦说全球系统在结构上就是要使核心富、边缘穷。两者都要懂——考试常要你对比它们。
A poor country exports cheap raw materials (periphery) to a rich country that turns them into expensive goods (core). Rostow would say the poor country just needs to take off; Wallerstein would say the system is designed to keep it dependent — the same facts, two opposite readings.
一个贫穷国家向富裕国家出口廉价原材料(边缘),后者把它们制成昂贵商品(核心)。罗斯托会说贫穷国家只需起飞;沃勒斯坦会说系统被设计成使它保持依附——相同的事实,两种相反的解读。
Rostow's stages (optimistic): every country climbs five stages to mass consumption. Wallerstein's world-systems theory (critical): a wealthy core stays rich by exploiting the periphery and semi-periphery — a dependency view that challenges Rostow.
罗斯托发展阶段(乐观):每个国家攀登五个阶段到大众消费。沃勒斯坦世界体系理论(批判):富裕的核心通过剥削边缘和半边缘保持富有——一种挑战罗斯托的依附观点。