城市与城市土地利用的格局与过程

AP 人文地理 · 第 6 主题

训练

讲义词汇表

6.1 6.2

城市化的起源与影响因素

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
PSO-6 The presence and growth of cities vary across geographical locations because of physical geography and resources.	PSO-6.A Explain the processes that initiate and drive urbanization and suburbanization.	PSO-6.A.1 Site and situation influence the origin, function, and growth of cities. PSO-6.A.2 Changes in transportation and communication, population growth, migration, economic development, and government policies influence urbanization.

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
PSO-6 The presence and growth of cities vary across geographical locations because of physical geography and resources.	PSO-6.A Explain the processes that initiate and drive urbanization and suburbanization.	PSO-6.A.3 Megacities and metacities are distinct spatial outcomes of urbanization increasingly located in countries of the periphery and semiperiphery. PSO-6.A.4 Processes of suburbanization, sprawl, and decentralization have created new land-use forms—including edge cities, exurbs, and boomburbs—and new challenges.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

城市化(urbanization)是住在城市里的人的份额的增长。它以把一些人从农业中解放出来的农业剩余开始,并随着工业革命加速。

城市化率(urbanization rate)在今天的发展中国家上升最快,由从农村到城市的迁移驱动。
一个郊区(suburb)是一座城市边缘的一个居住区;郊区化(suburbanization)和城市蔓延(sprawl)使城市向外扩散。
地点(site)(一个地方的物理特征)和区位(situation)(它相对于其他地方的位置)解释为什么一座城市在它所在的地方增长。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Urbanization	城市化	chéng shì huà
suburb	郊区	jiāo qū
suburbanization	郊区化	jiāo qū huà
sprawl	城市蔓延	chéng shì màn yán
Site	地点	dì diǎn
situation	区位	qū wèi

练习卷练习卷

6.3

城市与全球化

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
PSO-6 The presence and growth of cities vary across geographical locations because of physical geography and resources.	PSO-6.B Explain how cities embody processes of globalization.	PSO-6.B.1 World cities function at the top of the world’s urban hierarchy and drive globalization. PSO-6.B.2 Cities are connected globally by networks and linkages and mediate global processes.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

一些城市有远超过它们自己国家的影响。

世界城市(world cities)(也叫全球城市(global cities))——例如纽约、伦敦和东京——是全球经济、金融和文化的指挥中心。
全球化把城市联系成网络;一个世界城市里的一个决定能影响地球另一边的工作。

隔水望去,下曼哈顿密集的摩天大楼群,中央是世界贸易中心一号楼 — 纽约的曼哈顿天际线,一个世界城市:它的银行和公司总部帮助运转全球经济

Shibuya Crossing: world cities concentrate people, infrastructure and global connections

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
World cities	世界城市	shì jiè chéng shì
Infrastructure	基础设施	jī chǔ shè shī

练习卷

6.4

城市的规模与分布

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
PSO-6 The presence and growth of cities vary across geographical locations because of physical geography and resources.	PSO-6.C Identify the different urban concepts such as hierarchy, interdependence, relative size, and spacing that are useful for explaining the distribution, size, and interaction of cities.	PSO-6.C.1 Principles that are useful for explaining the distribution and size of cities include rank-size rule, the primate city, gravity, and Christaller’s central place theory.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

位序-规模法则与首位城市

克里斯塔勒中心地理论

一个国家内的城市遵循大小和间距的格局。

位序规模法则(rank-size rule)说第 n 大的城市是最大的 1/n 大小(第 2 城市是最大的一半、第 3 是三分之一,等等)。
一个首位城市(primate city)比所有其他的都大得多(巴黎、曼谷),主导它的国家。
中心地理论(central place theory)(克里斯塔勒)解释定居点的间距:更大的中心更少且相距更远并提供更高级的物品;它们的市场区是它们服务的周围地区。

The rank-size rule versus a primate-city distribution — 在位序-规模规则下,第 n 大城市约为最大城市的 1/n;首位型格局有一个远大于其余城市的主导城市

Worked example(一道真实的 AP 考题)。 "比较特大城市(metacity)的概念与世界城市(world city)的概念。"(2024)满分答案:"特大城市由规模定义——一个超过 2000 万人的连续城区——而世界城市由影响力定义,作为全球经济的一个指挥中心。像东京这样的城市两者都是,但较穷国家的一个大特大城市可能不是世界城市。" 命令词 Compare(比较)需要一个明确的差异点(规模对影响力),而不是并排放着两个独立的定义。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
rank-size rule	位序规模法则	wèi xù guī mó fǎ zé
primate city	首位城市	shǒu wèi chéng shì
Central place theory	中心地理论	zhōng xīn dì lǐ lùn

练习卷

6.5

城市的内部结构

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
PSO-6 The presence and growth of cities vary across geographical locations because of physical geography and resources.	PSO-6.D Explain the internal structure of cities using various models and theories.	PSO-6.D.1 Models and theories that are useful for explaining internal structures of cities include the Burgess concentric-zone model, the Hoyt sector model, the Harris and Ullman multiple- nuclei model, the galactic city model, bid-rent theory, and urban models drawn from Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

城市内部结构模型

三个经典模型描述北美城市在内部如何排列。

三个城市模型:同心圆、扇形和多核心 — 同心圆、扇形和多核心模型各以不同的方式解释城市土地使用

同心圆模型(concentric zone model)(伯吉斯)——围绕中央商务区(CBD)(Central Business District)的环,从内城到通勤郊区。
扇形模型(sector model)(霍伊特)——土地使用沿运输路线以楔形向外增长。
多核心模型(multiple nuclei model)(哈里斯-厄尔曼)——随着城市增长和专业化,它有几个中心(节点),不只是一个 CBD。

发展中世界的城市有它们自己的模型(例如拉丁美洲的,或格里芬-福特模型,带一条从中心的财富脊柱)。

探索

Which urban model is it?

The concentric zone model uses rings around the CBD; the sector model uses wedges along transport routes; the multiple nuclei model has several centres.

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Concentric zone model	同心圆模型	tóng xīn yuán mó xíng
Central Business District (CBD)	中央商务区	zhōng yāng shāng wù qū
Sector model	扇形模型	shàn xíng mó xíng
Multiple nuclei model	多核心模型	duō hé xīn mó xíng

练习卷

6.6 6.7

密度与土地利用

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
IMP-6 The attitudes and values of a population, as well as the balance of power within that population, are reflected in the built landscape.	IMP-6.A Explain how low-, medium-, and high-density housing characteristics represent different patterns of residential land use.	IMP-6.A.1 Residential buildings and patterns of land use reflect and shape the city’s culture, technological capabilities, cycles of development, and infilling.

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
IMP-6 The attitudes and values of a population, as well as the balance of power within that population, are reflected in the built landscape.	IMP-6.B Explain how a city’s infrastructure relates to local politics, society, and the environment.	IMP-6.B.1 The location and quality of a city’s infrastructure directly affects its spatial patterns of economic and social development.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

竞租理论

在城市内部,土地使用和密度从中心到边缘变化。

密度在 CBD 附近最高(高楼、高地价)并向外下降——又是竞租曲线。
分区规划(zoning)法律分开土地使用(居住、商业、工业)。
基础设施(infrastructure)——道路、水、电、公交——必须随着城市增长;它落后的地方,非正规住区(informal settlements)(贫民窟)可能形成。

里约热内卢水边一座陡峭山坡上密密麻麻自建的房屋 — 里约热内卢一座山坡上的非正规住区(贫民窟),建在住房和服务跟不上快速城市增长的地方

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Zoning	分区规划	fēn qū guī huà
informal settlements	非正规住区	fēi zhèng guī zhù qū

练习卷练习卷

6.8 6.9

城市可持续性

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
IMP-6 The attitudes and values of a population, as well as the balance of power within that population, are reflected in the built landscape.	IMP-6.C Identify the different urban design initiatives and practices.	IMP-6.C.1 Sustainable design initiatives and zoning practices include mixed land use, walkability, transportation-oriented development, and smart-growth policies, including New Urbanism, greenbelts, and slow-growth cities.
	IMP-6.D Explain the effects of different urban design initiatives and practices.	IMP-6.D.1 Praise for urban design initiatives includes the reduction of sprawl, improved walkability and transportation, improved and diverse housing options, improved livability and promotion of sustainable options. Criticisms include increased housing costs, possible de facto segregation, and the potential loss of historical or place character.

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
IMP-6 The attitudes and values of a population, as well as the balance of power within that population, are reflected in the built landscape.	IMP-6.E Explain how qualitative and quantitative data are used to show the causes and effects of geographic change within urban areas.	IMP-6.E.1 Quantitative data from census and survey data provide information about changes in population composition and size in urban areas. IMP-6.E.2 Qualitative data from field studies and narratives provide information about individual attitudes toward urban change.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

规划者用数据和设计来使城市工作得更好。

精明增长(smart-growth)、混合用途(mixed-use)开发,和公交导向(transit-oriented)设计对抗蔓延和汽车依赖。
绿带(greenbelts)限制向外增长;城市更新(urban renewal)重建衰败的地区,但能造成使较穷的居民流离失所的中产阶级化(gentrification)。
普查和地理空间数据指导在哪里放学校、公交和服务。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Smart-growth	精明增长	jīng míng zēng zhǎng
Greenbelts	绿带	lǜ dài
urban renewal	城市更新	chéng shì gēng xīn
gentrification	中产阶级化	zhōng chǎn jiē jí huà

练习卷练习卷

6.10 6.11

城市变化的挑战

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
SPS-6 Urban areas face unique economic, political, cultural, and environmental challenges.	SPS-6.A Explain causes and effects of geographic change within urban areas.	SPS-6.A.1 As urban populations move within a city, economic and social challenges result, including: issues related to housing and housing discrimination such as redlining, blockbusting, and affordability; access to services; rising crime; environmental injustice; and the growth of disamenity zones or zones of abandonment. SPS-6.A.2 Squatter settlements and conflicts over land tenure within large cities have increased. SPS-6.A.3 Responses to economic and social challenges in urban areas can include inclusionary zoning and local food movements. SPS-6.A.4 Urban renewal and gentrification have both positive and negative consequences. SPS-6.A.5 Functional and geographic fragmentation of governments—the way government agencies and institutions are dispersed between state, county, city, and neighborhood levels—presents challenges in addressing urban issues.

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
SPS-6 Urban areas face unique economic, political, cultural, and environmental challenges.	SPS-6.B Describe the effectiveness of different attempts to address urban sustainability challenges.	SPS-6.B.1 Challenges to urban sustainability include suburban sprawl, sanitation, climate change, air and water quality, the large ecological footprint of cities, and energy use. SPS-6.B.2 Responses to urban sustainability challenges can include regional planning efforts, remediation and redevelopment of brownfields, establishment of urban growth boundaries, and farmland protection policies.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

快速的城市增长带来问题:

社会:住房短缺、隔离,和中产阶级化造成的流离失所。
环境:空气和水污染、城市热岛(urban heat island)效应、废物,和大量资源使用。
经济:紧张的预算、拥堵,和把基础设施延伸到蔓延边缘的成本。

可持续的城市试图向上而不是向外增长、投资公共交通,并把住房与工作和服务混合。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
urban heat island	城市热岛	chéng shì rè dǎo

练习卷练习卷

6.10 6.11

考试技巧

把一座城市的地点(物理环境)与它的区位(相对于其他的位置)分开。
应用位序规模法则(第 n 城市约是最大的 1/n)并发现一个首位城市。
把一座城市的描述匹配到正确的模型:同心圆、扇形或多核心。
把地价与密度联系起来——昂贵的中心土地通过向上建造被使用。
用郊区化、城市蔓延和中产阶级化,以及精明增长回应讨论变化。

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