Introduction to Culture · 文化导论
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| culture/ˈkʌltʃə/ | 文化 | wén huà |
| material culture/məˈtɪərɪəl ˈkʌltʃə/ | 物质文化 | wù zhì wén huà |
| nonmaterial culture/ˌnɒnməˈtɪərɪəl ˈkʌltʃə/ | 非物质文化 | fēi wù zhì wén huà |
| cultural trait/ˈkʌltʃərəl treɪt/ | 文化特征 | wén huà tè zhēng |
| cultural relativism/ˈkʌltʃərəl ˈrelətɪvɪzəm/ | 文化相对论 | wén huà xiāng duì lùn |
What is culture?
- Culture 文化 is the shared beliefs, values, practices, and objects of a group.
- It is learned and passed down, not inherited in your genes.
- Geographers study how culture varies across space.
什么是文化?
- 文化(culture)是一个群体共享的信念、价值观、习俗和物品。
- 它是习得的、代代相传的,而不是通过基因遗传的。
- 地理学家研究文化在空间上的差异。
Culture is inherited through your genes. · 文化通过基因遗传。
Culture is learned and passed down through society, not carried in genes. · 文化是习得的，并通过社会传承，而非携带在基因中。
Material and nonmaterial
- Material culture 物质文化 is the things people make and use — food, clothing, tools, buildings.
- Nonmaterial culture 非物质文化 is the ideas — language, religion, values, rules.
- Both together make up a group's whole way of life.
物质与非物质
- 物质文化(material culture)是人们制作和使用的东西——食物、服装、工具、建筑。
- 非物质文化(nonmaterial culture)是思想——语言、宗教、价值观、规则。
- 两者共同构成一个群体的整个生活方式。
Material or nonmaterial culture? · 物质文化或非物质文化？
Sort each item as material culture (objects) or nonmaterial culture (ideas). · 将每项物品归类为物质文化（物体）或非物质文化（观念）。
A spoken language is an example of ____ culture. · 口语是一种____文化的例子。
Language is an idea, not an object → nonmaterial culture. · 语言是一种观念，而非物体 → 非物质文化。
Select all · 所有 examples of material culture. · 选择所有****物质文化的例子。
Food, tools, and buildings are objects; beliefs are nonmaterial. · 食物、工具和建筑物是物体；信仰是非物质的。
Traits and relativism
- A cultural trait 文化特征 is a single element of culture, like using chopsticks.
- Linked traits form a cultural complex.
- Cultural relativism 文化相对论 judges a culture by its own standards, not your own.
特征与相对论
- 文化特征(cultural trait)是文化的单个元素,比如用筷子。
- 相互关联的特征构成一个文化丛。
- 文化相对论(cultural relativism)用一种文化自己的标准来评判它,而非你的标准。
A single element of culture, like using chopsticks, is a cultural . · 文化的一个元素，如使用筷子，是文化。
A cultural trait is one element; linked traits form a cultural complex. · 文化特质是一个元素；相关联的特质形成文化复合体。
Match each term to its meaning. · 将下列术语与其含义匹配。
Material = objects; nonmaterial = ideas; relativism = its own standards. · 物质 = 物体；非物质 = 观念；相对主义 = 其自身标准。
Culture is learned, not biological. Never explain a group's culture by their genes or "nature" — that is the discredited thinking behind racism. Culture is passed on through family, school, and society, and it can change.
文化是习得的,不是生物性的。永远不要用基因或“天性”来解释一个群体的文化——那是种族主义背后被否定的思维。文化通过家庭、学校和社会传承,并且可以改变。
Using chopsticks is a single cultural trait. Eating with a knife and fork is another. Neither is "better" — judging each by its own culture's standards is cultural relativism. The tools are material culture; the table manners around them are nonmaterial.
用筷子是一个单一的文化特征。用刀叉吃饭是另一个。两者没有“更好”——用各自文化的标准来评判就是文化相对论。工具是物质文化;围绕它们的餐桌礼仪是非物质文化。
Culture is the learned, shared way of life of a group. It splits into material (objects) and nonmaterial (ideas) culture. A cultural trait is one element; cultural relativism judges a culture by its own standards.
文化是一个群体习得、共享的生活方式。它分为物质(物品)和非物质(思想)文化。文化特征是一个元素;文化相对论用一种文化自己的标准来评判它。