英文	中文	拼音
Green Revolution	绿色革命	lǜ sè gé mìng
synthetic fertilizers	化肥	huà féi
pesticides	农药	nóng yào
monoculture	单一栽培	dān yī zāi péi

英文	中文	拼音
soil salinization	土壤盐碱化	tǔ rǎng yán jiǎn huà
eutrophication	富营养化	fù yíng yǎng huà

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
EIN-2 When humans use natural resources, they alter natural systems.	EIN-2.E Describe different methods of irrigation.	EIN-2.E.1 The largest human use of freshwater is for irrigation (70%). EIN-2.E.2 Types of irrigation include drip irrigation, flood irrigation, furrow irrigation, drip irrigation, and spray irrigation.
	EIN-2.F Describe the benefits and drawbacks of different methods of irrigation.	EIN-2.F.1 Waterlogging occurs when too much water is left to sit in the soil, which raises the water table of groundwater and inhibits plants' ability to absorb oxygen through their roots. EIN-2.F.2 Furrow irrigation involves cutting furrows between crop rows and filling them with water. This system is inexpensive, but about 1/3 of the water is lost to evaporation and runoff. EIN-2.F.3 Flood irrigation involves flooding an agricultural field with water. This system sees about 20% of the water lost to evaporation and runoff. This can also lead to waterlogging of the soil. EIN-2.F.4 Spray irrigation involves pumping ground water into spray nozzles across an agricultural field. This system is more efficient than flood and furrow irrigation, with only 1/4 or less of the water lost to evaporation or runoff. However, spray systems are more expensive than flood and furrow irrigation, and also requires energy to run. EIN-2.F.5 Drip irrigation uses perforated hoses to release small amounts of water to plant roots. This system is the most efficient, with only about 5% of water lost to evaporation and runoff. However, this system is expensive and so is not often used. EIN-2.F.6 Salinization occurs when the salts in groundwater remain in the soil after the water evaporates. Over time, salinization can make soil toxic to plants. EIN-2.F.7 Aquifers can be severely depleted if overused for agricultural irrigation, as has happened to the Ogallala Aquifer in the central United States.

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
EIN-2 When humans use natural resources, they alter natural systems.	EIN-2.H Identify different methods of meat production.	EIN-2.H.1 Methods of meat production include concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), also called feedlots, and free-range grazing.
	EIN-2.I Describe the benefits and drawbacks of different methods of meat production.	EIN-2.I.1 Meat production is less efficient than agriculture; it takes approximately 20 times more land to produce the same amount of calories from meat as from plants. EIN-2.I.2 Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFOs) are used as a way to quickly get livestock ready for slaughter. They tend to be crowded, and animals are fed grains or feed that are not as suitable as grass. Additionally, feedlots generate a large amount of organic waste, which can contaminate ground and surface water. The use of feedlots are less expensive than other methods, which can keep costs to consumers down. EIN-2.I.3 Free range grazing allows animals to graze on grass during their entire lifecycle. Meat from free range animals tends to be free from antibiotics and other chemicals used in feedlots. Organic waste from these animals acts as fertilizer. Free range grazing requires large areas of land and the meat produced is more expensive for consumers. EIN-2.I.4 Overgrazing occurs when too many animals feed on a particular area of land. Overgrazing causes loss of vegetation, which leads to soil erosion. EIN-2.I.5 Overgrazing can cause desertification. Desertification is the degradation of low precipitation regions toward being increasingly arid until they become deserts. EIN-2.I.6 Less consumption of meat could reduce $\text{CO}_2$, methane, and $\text{N}_2\text{O}$ emissions; conserve water; reduce the use of antibiotics and growth hormones; and improve topsoil.

英文	中文	拼音
methane	甲烷	jiǎ wán
Overgrazing	过度放牧	guò dù fàng mù
desertification	荒漠化	huāng mò huà
rotational grazing	轮牧	lún mù

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
EIN-2 When humans use natural resources, they alter natural systems.	EIN-2.K Describe natural resource extraction through mining.	EIN-2.K.1 As the more accessible ores are mined to depletion, mining operations are forced to access lower grade ores. Accessing these ores requires increased use of resources that can cause increased waste and pollution. EIN-2.K.2 Surface mining is the removal of large portions of soil and rock, called overburden, in order to access the ore underneath. An example is strip mining, which removes the vegetation from an area, making the area more susceptible to erosion.
	EIN-2.L Describe ecological and economic impacts of natural resource extraction through mining.	EIN-2.L.1 Mining wastes include the soil and rocks that are moved to gain access to the ore and the waste, called slag and tailings that remain when the minerals have been removed from the ore. Mining helps to provide low cost energy and material necessary to make products. The mining of coal can destroy habitats, contaminate ground water, and release dust particles and methane. EIN-2.L.2 As coal reserves get smaller, due to a lack of easily accessible reserves, it becomes necessary to access coal through subsurface mining, which is very expensive.

英文	中文	拼音
Mining	采矿	cǎi kuàng
acid mine drainage	酸性矿山废水	suān xìng kuàng shān fèi shuǐ
subsurface mining	地下开采	dì xià kāi cǎi
open-pit mine	露天矿	lù tiān kuàng

英文	中文	拼音
Urbanization	城市化	chéng shì huà
impervious surfaces	不透水面	bù tòu shuǐ miàn
urban heat islands	热岛	rè dǎo
hydrologic cycle	水循环	shuǐ xún huán
saltwater intrusion	海水入侵	hǎi shuǐ rù qīn
urban sprawl	城市扩张	chéng shì kuò zhāng

英文	中文	拼音
permeable pavement	透水路面	tòu shuǐ lù miàn
green roofs	绿色屋顶	lǜ sè wū dǐng

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
STB-1 Humans can mitigate their impact on land and water resources through sustainable use.	STB-1.C Describe integrated pest management.	STB-1.C.1 Integrated pest management (IPM) is a combination of methods used to effectively control pest species while minimizing the disruption to the environment. These methods include biological, physical, and limited chemical methods such as biocontrol, intercropping, crop rotation, and natural predators of the pests.
	STB-1.D Describe the benefits and drawbacks of integrated pest management (IPM).	STB-1.D.1 The use of integrated pest management (IPM) reduces the risk that pesticides pose to wildlife, water supplies, and human health. STB-1.D.2 Integrated pest management (IPM) minimizes disruptions to the environment and threats to human health but can be complex and expensive.

英文	中文	拼音
Clearcutting	皆伐	jiē fá
erosion	侵蚀	qīn shí

英文	中文	拼音
Irrigation	灌溉	guàn gài
aquifers	含水层	hán shuǐ céng

英文	中文	拼音
crop rotation	轮作	lún zuò
contour plowing	等高耕作	děng gāo gēng zuò
terracing	梯田	tī tián

英文	中文	拼音
selective cutting	择伐	zé fá
reforestation	重新造林	chóng xīn zào lín
prescribed burn	计划烧除	jì huà shāo chú

公地悲剧

皆伐

绿色革命

农业实践的影响

灌溉方法

病虫害防治方法

肉类生产方法

过度捕捞的影响

Push a fish stock past its limit

采矿的影响

城市化的影响

生态足迹

可持续性导论

减少城市径流的方法

病虫害综合治理

可持续农业

水产养殖

可持续林业

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