地球系统与资源

AP 环境科学 · 第 4 主题

训练

讲义词汇表

4.1

板块构造

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
ERT-4 Earth's systems interact, resulting in a state of balance over time.	ERT-4.A Describe the geological changes and events that occur at convergent, divergent, and transform plate boundaries.	ERT-4.A.1 Convergent boundaries can result in the creation of mountains, island arcs, earthquakes, and volcanoes. ERT-4.A.2 Divergent boundaries can result in seafloor spreading, rift valleys, volcanoes, and earthquakes. ERT-4.A.3 Transform boundaries can result in earthquakes. ERT-4.A.4 Maps that show the global distribution of plate boundaries can be used to determine the location of volcanoes, island arcs, earthquakes, hot spots, and faults. ERT-4.A.5 An earthquake occurs when stress overcomes a locked fault, releasing stored energy.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

三种板块边界

地球的地壳破裂成在地幔上缓慢移动的板块(plates)——板块构造(plate tectonics)。在离散(divergent)边界板块分开(新地壳);在汇聚(convergent)它们碰撞(山脉、火山、地震);在转换(transform)它们相互滑过(地震)。边界造成灾害但也造成火山土壤和矿产资源。

明亮橙色的熔岩从冰岛一个黑暗的火山口喷涌而出 — 冰岛一座在板块边界喷发的火山。在分开的板块之间上升的熔岩形成新的地壳

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
plates	板块	bǎn kuài
plate tectonics	板块构造	bǎn kuài gòu zào

练习卷

4.2

土壤形成与侵蚀

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
ERT-4 Earth's systems interact, resulting in a state of balance over time.	ERT-4.B Describe the characteristics and formation of soil.	ERT-4.B.1 Soils are formed when parent material is weathered, transported, and deposited. ERT-4.B.2 Soils are generally categorized by horizons based on their composition and organic material. ERT-4.B.3 Soils can be eroded by winds or water. Protecting soils can protect water quality as soils effectively filter and clean water that moves through them.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

土壤(soil)随着岩石风化(weathers)和有机物积累而缓慢形成。侵蚀(erosion)是风和水对土壤的移除,由移除植被(农业、森林砍伐、过度放牧)加速。因为土壤形成得如此缓慢,比形成更快的侵蚀耗尽一种重要资源。

Soil horizons form over time as parent rock weathers; erosion can strip topsoil and reverse that progress

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
Soil	土壤	tǔ rǎng
weathers	风化	fēng huà
Erosion	侵蚀	qīn shí
horizons	土层	tǔ céng

练习卷

4.3

土壤组成与性质

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
ERT-4 Earth's systems interact, resulting in a state of balance over time.	ERT-4.C Describe similarities and differences between properties of different soil types.	ERT-4.C.1 Water holding capacity—the total amount of water soil can hold—varies with different soil types. Water retention contributes to land productivity and fertility of soils. ERT-4.C.2 The particle size and composition of each soil horizon can affect the porosity, permeability, and fertility of the soil. ERT-4.C.3 There are a variety of methods to test the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil that can aid in a variety of decisions, such as irrigation and fertilizer requirements. ERT-4.C.4 A soil texture triangle is a diagram that allows for the identification and comparison of soil types based on their percentage of clay, silt, and sand.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

土壤是沙、粉沙和黏土(它的质地(texture))加上有机物、水和空气的一个混合,分层在土层(horizons)里。质地控制孔隙度(porosity)和渗透性(permeability)——土壤多好地保持水和营养。壤土(loam)(一个平衡的混合)对植物最好。

一个垂直切开土壤的坑,深色的表土层在上,下面是红棕色的矿物层,配一把卷尺作比例尺 — 一个挖穿土壤的坑显示它的土层:深色的有机表土在上,然后是较浅的矿物层,再下面是碎岩(卷尺作比例尺)

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
texture	质地	zhì dì
porosity	孔隙度	kǒng xì dù
permeability	渗透性	shèn tòu xìng

练习卷

4.4

地球大气层

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
ERT-4 Earth's systems interact, resulting in a state of balance over time.	ERT-4.D Describe the structure and composition of the Earth's atmosphere.	ERT-4.D.1 The atmosphere is made up of major gases, each with its own relative abundance. ERT-4.D.2 The layers of the atmosphere are based on temperature gradients and include the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

大气层(atmosphere)是分层的:对流层(troposphere)(天气,我们住的地方)、平流层(stratosphere)(容纳臭氧层),和更高的层。它大多是氮和氧,带调节温度的微量气体(包括温室气体)。

清洁干燥的空气约是 78% 氮、21% 氧,和 1% 其他气体

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
atmosphere	大气层	dà qì céng
troposphere	对流层	duì liú céng
stratosphere	平流层	píng liú céng

练习卷

4.5

全球风带

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
ERT-4 Earth's systems interact, resulting in a state of balance over time.	ERT-4.E Explain how environmental factors can result in atmospheric circulation.	ERT-4.E.1 Global wind patterns primarily result from the most intense solar radiation arriving at the equator, resulting in density differences and the Coriolis effect.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

全球风带

不均匀的太阳加热驱动全球风带(global wind patterns)。温暖的空气在赤道上升并在约 30° 下沉,创造对流环流(convection cells)(哈德利、费雷尔、极地)和盛行风(信风、西风)。旋转的地球使风偏转——科里奥利效应(Coriolis effect)——塑造天气和气候。

每个半球三个环流环流设定盛行的表面风

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
global wind patterns	全球风带	quán qiú fēng dài
convection cells	对流环流	duì liú huán liú
Coriolis effect	科里奥利效应	kē lǐ ào lì xiào yìng

练习卷

4.6

流域

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
ERT-4 Earth's systems interact, resulting in a state of balance over time.	ERT-4.F Describe the characteristics of a watershed.	ERT-4.F.1 Characteristics of a given watershed include its area, length, slope, soil, vegetation types, and divides with adjoining watersheds.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

一个流域(watershed)是流向一个共同水体的所有土地。土地上发生的一切——农业、铺路、污染——影响它流入的水,所以流域是管理水质的关键单位。

A waterfall in a river basin: a watershed is the land that drains into a stream or lake

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
watershed	流域	liú yù

练习卷

4.7

太阳辐射与地球的季节

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
ENG-2 Most of the Earth's atmospheric processes are driven by input of energy from the sun.	ENG-2.A Explain how the sun's energy affects the Earth's surface.	ENG-2.A.1 Incoming solar radiation (insolation) is the Earth's main source of energy and is dependent on season and latitude. ENG-2.A.2 The angle of the sun's rays determines the intensity of the solar radiation. Due to the shape of the Earth, the latitude that is directly horizontal to the solar radiation receives the most intensity. ENG-2.A.3 The highest solar radiation per unit area is received at the equator and decreases toward the poles. ENG-2.A.4 The solar radiation received at a location on the Earth's surface varies seasonally, with the most radiation received during the location's longest summer day and the least on the shortest winter day. ENG-2.A.5 The tilt of Earth's axis of rotation causes the Earth's seasons and the number of hours of daylight in a particular location on the Earth's surface.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

季节来自地球的倾斜轴(tilted axis)(约 23.5°),不是它离太阳的距离。朝向太阳倾斜的半球得到更直接的阳光和更长的白天(夏季)。倾斜也使热带(tropics)全年温暖而极地(poles)寒冷。

地球轴的倾斜造成季节

练习卷

4.8

地球的地理与气候

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
ENG-2 Most of the Earth's atmospheric processes are driven by input of energy from the sun.	ENG-2.B Describe how the Earth's geography affects weather and climate.	ENG-2.B.1 Weather and climate are affected not only by the sun's energy but by geologic and geographic factors, such as mountains and ocean temperature. ENG-2.B.2 A rain shadow is a region of land that has become drier because a higher elevation area blocks precipitation from reaching the land.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

地理塑造气候:纬度(latitude)(阳光角度)、海拔(elevation)(随高度更凉)、与海洋(oceans)的接近程度(缓和温度),和山脉造成一个雨影(rain shadow)(潮湿的迎风侧、干燥的背风侧)。这些因素决定哪个生物群系在哪里形成。

Desert dunes: latitude, altitude and ocean currents shape Earth's climate regions

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
rain shadow	雨影	yǔ yǐng

练习卷

4.9

厄尔尼诺与拉尼娜

大纲

Enduring Understanding	Learning Objective	Essential Knowledge
ENG-2 Most of the Earth's atmospheric processes are driven by input of energy from the sun.	ENG-2.C Describe the environmental changes and effects that result from El Niño or La Niña events (El Niño–Southern Oscillation).	ENG-2.C.1 El Niño and La Niña are phenomena associated with changing ocean surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. These phenomena can cause global changes to rainfall, wind, and ocean circulation patterns. ENG-2.C.2 El Niño and La Niña are influenced by geological and geographic factors and can affect different locations in different ways.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

厄尔尼诺与拉尼娜

厄尔尼诺(El Niño)和拉尼娜(La Niña)是太平洋温度和风的周期性转变。厄尔尼诺(温暖的东太平洋)和拉尼娜(凉爽的东太平洋)在全世界改变降雨、风暴和渔业——例如,一些地区的洪水和另一些的干旱。

Worked example. 一个构造板块每年移动 5 厘米。它在 100 万年里移动多远?$5\ \text{cm/yr}\times 10^{6}\ \text{yr}=5\times10^{6}\ \text{cm}=50\ \text{km}$。微小的年移动在地质时间里累积成海盆尺度的距离——正是这个缓慢的速率打开海洋并造起山脉。

词汇表训练

英文	中文	拼音
El Niño	厄尔尼诺	è ěr ní nuò
La Niña	拉尼娜	lā ní nà

练习卷

4.9

考试技巧

季节来自地球的倾斜,不是它离太阳的距离。
土壤形成得很慢,所以比形成更快的侵蚀永久地耗尽它;知道土壤质地(沙/粉沙/黏土)和土层。
从不均匀的加热 + 科里奥利效应解释全球风带,以及一个雨影(潮湿的迎风、干燥的背风)。
命名大气层(对流层 = 天气,平流层 = 臭氧)和空气组成(~78% N₂、21% O₂)。
厄尔尼诺 / 拉尼娜是改变全世界降雨的太平洋温度转变。

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