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长篇小说或戏剧 一

AP 英语文学与写作 · 第 3 主题

训练
讲义 词汇表
3.1

文本细节所揭示的人物
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

CHR-1
Characters in literature allow readers to study and explore a range of values, beliefs, assumptions, biases, and cultural norms represented by those characters.

1.A
Identify and describe what specific textual details reveal about a character, that character’s perspective, and that character’s motives.

  • CHR-1.F The description of a character creates certain expectations for that character’s behaviors; how a character does or does not meet those expectations affects a reader’s interpretation of that character.
  • CHR-1.G Details associated with a character and/or used to describe a character contribute to a reader’s interpretation of that character.
  • CHR-1.H Readers’ understanding of a character’s perspective may depend on the perspective of the narrator or speaker.
  • CHR-1.I A character’s perspective may shift during the course of a narrative.
  • CHR-1.J When narrators, characters, or speakers compare another character to something or someone else, they reveal their perspective on the compared character and may also reveal something innate about the compared character.
  • CHR-1.K Readers can infer a character’s motives from that character’s actions or inactions.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

第三单元是第一个"长篇小说或戏剧"单元,而篇幅本身改变了可分析的内容:人物如今可以变化,冲突可以彼此交叉,背景也获得了社会与历史的维度。

CED 在人物方面的补充:

  • 对人物的描写会为其行为建立预期,而人物如何符合或辜负这些预期本身有意味。
  • 与人物相关联的细节促成读者对该人物的阐释。
  • 读者对某个人物视角的理解可能取决于叙述者的视角。
  • 人物的视角可能在叙事过程中发生转变。
  • 当叙述者或人物把另一个人物比作某物或某人时,他们所揭示的关于自己视角的东西,不亚于关于被比较者的。
  • 读者可以从人物的作为与不作为(actions or inactions)推断其动机。

最后那个词——不作为——值得记住。人物选择不去做的事就是证据,而且通常比他们做了什么更能说明问题。

3.2

人物的变化与不变
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

CHR-1
Characters in literature allow readers to study and explore a range of values, beliefs, assumptions, biases, and cultural norms represented by those characters.

1.B
Explain the function of a character changing or remaining unchanged.

  • CHR-1.L A dynamic character who develops over the course of the narrative often makes choices that directly or indirectly affect the climax and/or the resolution of that narrative.
  • CHR-1.M Character changes can be visible and external, such as changes to health or wealth, or can be internal, psychological, or emotional changes; external changes can lead to internal changes, and vice versa.
  • CHR-1.N Some characters remain unchanged or are largely unaffected by the events of the narrative.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

  • 动态人物(dynamic character)在叙事过程中发展,并常常作出直接或间接引发变化的选择。
  • 人物的变化可以是可见而外在的——健康、财富、处境——也可以是内在的,发生在信念、价值或理解之中。
  • 有些人物保持不变(静态人物),或基本不受事件影响。

保持不变的人物并非人物塑造的失败;它往往正是使他人的变化得以显现的尺度。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
Readers can infer motive from a character's actions or inactions 作为与不作为 zuò wéi yǔ bù zuò wéi
dynamic character 动态人物 dòng tài rén wù
Some characters remain unchanged 静态人物 jìng tài rén wù
3.3

传达环境的文本细节
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

SET-1
Setting and the details associated with it not only depict a time and place, but also convey values associated with that setting.

2.A
Identify and describe specific textual details that convey or reveal a setting.

  • SET-1.B Setting includes the social, cultural, and historical situation during which the events of the text occur.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

背景如今还包括事件发生时的社会、文化与历史情境(social, cultural, and historical situation),而不只是时间与地点。

这拓宽了背景所能起的作用。社会背景提供了人物必须在其中行动的约束,而正是约束把一次选择变成一次能说明问题的选择。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
social, cultural, and historical situation 社会、文化与历史情境 shè huì 、 wén huà yǔ lì shǐ qíng jìng
3.4

情节中的重要事件
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

STR-1
The arrangement of the parts and sections of a text, the relationship of the parts to each other, and the sequence in which the text reveals information are all structural choices made by a writer that contribute to the reader’s interpretation of a text.

3.E
Explain the function of a significant event or related set of significant events in a plot.

  • STR-1.K A story, or narrative, is delivered through a series of events that relate to a conflict.
  • STR-1.L Events include episodes, encounters, and scenes in a narrative that can introduce and develop a plot.
  • STR-1.M The significance of an event depends on its relationship to the narrative, the conflict, and the development of characters.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

  • 叙事通过一系列与冲突相关的事件来传达。
  • 事件包括引入并展开情节的片段、遭遇与场景。
  • 一个事件的重要性取决于它与叙事、与冲突以及与人物发展的关系。

第三句是论述题选材的检验标准:只有当你能说出某个事件对冲突或对某个人物做了什么时,它才对你的论证有意义。复述一个既不涉及冲突也不涉及人物的精彩场景,那是情节复述,得不到分。

3.5

冲突在文本中的作用
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

STR-1
The arrangement of the parts and sections of a text, the relationship of the parts to each other, and the sequence in which the text reveals information are all structural choices made by a writer that contribute to the reader’s interpretation of a text.

3.F
Explain the function of conflict in a text.

  • STR-1.N Conflict is tension between competing values either within a character, known as internal or psychological conflict, or with outside forces that obstruct a character in some way, known as external conflict.
  • STR-1.O A text may contain multiple conflicts. Often two or more conflicts in a text intersect.
  • STR-1.P A primary conflict can be heightened by the presence of additional conflicts that intersect with it.
  • STR-1.Q Inconsistencies in a text may create contrasts that represent conflicts of values or perspectives.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

冲突有两个所在,而且会叠加——这正是长篇作品可被分析的原因
被一个交叉冲突所加剧的主要冲突,是长篇小说或戏剧的标准形态
  • 冲突(conflict)是相互竞争的价值之间的张力,既可以存在于一个人物内部——内在或心理冲突——也可以存在于人物与外部力量之间。
  • 一个文本可以包含多重冲突,而且常有两个或更多彼此交叉(intersect)。
  • 主要冲突可以被与之交叉的其他冲突所加剧。
  • 文本中的不一致可能造成对照,而这些对照代表着价值或视角的冲突。

注意这个定义:冲突存在于相互竞争的价值之间,而不只是人与人之间。两个人物想要同一个东西,那是争夺;两个人物想要彼此不相容的好,那才是冲突,而只有后者产生意义。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
Conflict 冲突 chōng tū
intersect 交叉 jiāo chā
thesis statement expresses an interpretation 阐释 chǎn shì
3.6

撰写含主张与证据的段落
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

LAN-1
Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

7.A
Develop a paragraph that includes 1) a claim that requires defense with evidence from the text and 2) the evidence itself.

  • LAN-1.A In literary analysis, writers read a text closely to identify details that, in combination, enable them to make and defend a claim about an aspect of the text.
  • LAN-1.B A claim is a statement that requires defense with evidence from the text.
  • LAN-1.C In literary analysis, the initial components of a paragraph are the claim and textual evidence that defends the claim.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

与第一、第二单元相同:一项需要文本辩护的主张、文本证据,以及合在一起被辨认出的细节。

3.7

撰写文学论点句
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

LAN-1
Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

7.B
Develop a thesis statement that conveys a defensible claim about an interpretation of literature and that may establish a line of reasoning.

  • LAN-1.D A thesis statement expresses an interpretation of a literary text and requires a defense through use of textual evidence and a line of reasoning, both of which are explained in an essay through commentary.
  • LAN-1.E A thesis statement may preview the development or line of reasoning of an interpretation. This is not to say that a thesis statement must list the points of an interpretation, literary elements to be analyzed, or specific evidence to be used in the argument.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

  • 论点陈述表达对一个文学文本的阐释(interpretation),并需要通过文本证据加以辩护。
  • 它可以预示这一阐释的展开或推理线索——但不必罗列理由。

关键词是阐释。陈述文本中发生了什么的论点不是论点,而是概括。论点必须说出文本意味着什么或做了什么,而这按定义就是可争辩的。

3.8

撰写评述
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

LAN-1
Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

7.C
Develop commentary that establishes and explains relationships among textual evidence, the line of reasoning, and the thesis.

  • LAN-1.F A line of reasoning is the logical sequence of claims that work together to defend the overarching thesis statement.
  • LAN-1.G A line of reasoning is communicated through commentary that explains the logical relationship between the overarching thesis statement and the claims/evidence within the body of an essay.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

  • 推理线索(line of reasoning)是共同为统领性论点辩护的逻辑主张序列。
  • 它通过解释证据与主张之间逻辑关系的评述来传达。
词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
line of reasoning 推理线索 tuī lǐ xiàn suǒ
Developing an interpretation is a recursive process 反复推敲 fǎn fù tuī qiāo
3.9

选取贴切且充分的证据
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

LAN-1
Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

7.D
Select and use relevant and sufficient evidence to both develop and support a line of reasoning.

  • LAN-1.H Writers use evidence strategically and purposefully to illustrate, clarify, exemplify, associate, amplify, or qualify a point.
  • LAN-1.I Evidence is effective when the writer of the essay uses commentary to explain a logical relationship between the evidence and the claim.
  • LAN-1.J Evidence is sufficient when its quantity and quality provide apt support for the line of reasoning.
  • LAN-1.K Developing and supporting an interpretation of a text is a recursive process; an interpretation can emerge from analyzing evidence and then forming a line of reasoning, or the interpretation can emerge from forming a line of reasoning and then identifying relevant evidence to support that line of reasoning.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

  • 写作者策略性地使用证据——用以举例、澄清、示范、关联或放大。
  • 当评述解释了证据与主张之间的逻辑关系时,证据才是有效的。
  • 当证据的数量与质量提供了恰当支撑时,它才是充分的。
  • 发展一项阐释是一个反复推敲的过程(recursive process):阐释可以在你阅读与写作的过程中浮现,也可以改变。

最后这一点是值得接受的许可。如果你的读法在起草过程中发生了变化,就修改论点以与之相符。

3.10

掌控写作的各项要素
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

LAN-1
Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

7.E
Demonstrate control over the elements of composition to communicate clearly.

  • LAN-1.L Grammar and mechanics that follow established conventions of language allow writers to clearly communicate their interpretation of a text.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

**遵循既定语言惯例的语法与格式使写作者得以清晰地表达。**在这门考试中,语言控制力不是一项单独的分数,而是其他各项分数的条件:一个不清楚的句子无法传达任何读者能够采信的评述。

Worked example(一项真实的 AP 考试任务)。第三题的文学论证要求你自选一部作品,分析某个人物的冲突如何促成对整部作品的一种阐释。薄弱答案会围绕这一冲突复述情节。能得分的答案会指认相互竞争的价值并让它们交叉:*「主人公与家人围绕遗产的外在冲突,被一重内在冲突所加剧:他既想要这笔钱所能买到的独立,又想继续做那个从未开口索求的儿子。由于这两重冲突共用同一个对象,解决其中任何一个都解决不了另一个——这正是这部小说何以以一个让所有人(包括他自己)都不满意的选择收场。」*两重冲突,以价值命名,并给出对整部作品的阐释。

3.10

考试技巧
  • **不作为揭示动机。**人物拒绝去做的事往往是可用的最有力证据。
  • 保持不变的人物是使他人的变化得以显现的尺度。
  • 背景如今包括社会与历史情境——它提供了使选择具有意义的约束。
  • 冲突存在于相互竞争的价值之间,而不只是人与人之间。要把这些价值点出来。
  • 只有当你能说出某个事件对冲突或对某个人物做了什么时,它才有意义。否则就是情节复述。
  • 论点必须陈述一项阐释,而不是发生了什么。概括无法被辩护。

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