The Social and Historical Setting · 社会与历史背景
The definition widens
- In unit 1 setting was time and place. Here the CED adds more.
- Setting includes the social, cultural and historical situation during which the events occur.
- So a long novel's setting includes what people are allowed to do, expected to want, and punished for.
The house has twelve rooms; the social rules decide who is allowed upstairs.
定义扩大了
- 在第一单元,背景是时间与地点。在这里,CED 补充了更多内容。
- 背景包括事件发生时的社会、文化与历史情境。
- 因此长篇小说的背景包括人们被允许做什么、被期待想要什么,以及会因什么受罚。
房子有十二个房间；社会规矩却决定谁能上楼。
Select all · 所有 the situations the CED adds to the definition of setting here. · 选择所有CED在此处添加到背景定义中的情境。
Psychological states belong to character, not to setting. · 心理状态属于人物，而非背景。
Social situation
- Class, money, work, marriage, who may speak to whom.
- In a nineteenth-century novel these are not background — they are the mechanism of the plot.
- A character's options are set by the social situation before any choice is made.
社会情境
- 阶级、金钱、工作、婚姻,以及谁可以对谁说话。
- 在十九世纪的小说中,这些不是背景——它们就是情节的机制。
- 在任何选择作出之前,人物的选项已经由社会情境所设定。
Cultural and historical situation
- Cultural: what the characters take for granted — belief, custom, what counts as shameful.
- Historical: the war, the law, the migration, the technology that the events sit inside.
- You do not need outside research; the text supplies these through what it assumes.
文化与历史情境
- 文化的:人物视为理所当然的东西——信仰、习俗,以及什么算作羞耻。
- 历史的:事件所处其中的战争、法律、迁徙与技术。
- 你不需要外部研究;文本通过它所预设的东西提供了这些。
Which part of the situation is this? · 这是情境的哪一部分？
Sort each textual signal by the CED's category. · 按CED的分类对每个文本信号进行排序。
Read the situation from what the text ____ without explaining it. · 通过文本____来阅读情境，而不加以解释。
What it treats as normal, and what it treats as shocking, are both readable this way. · 文本将其视为正常的事物和将其视为震惊的事物，都可以这样解读。
Historical knowledge is not textual evidence. An essay that explains the period is doing history; an essay that shows how the text treats something as normal, urgent or shameful is doing literary analysis — and only the second can be checked against the page.
历史知识不是文本证据。解释时代背景的文章是在做历史;显示文本如何把某事当作正常、紧迫或可耻来处理的文章,才是在做文学分析——而且只有后者可以对照书页核查。
Which sentence is literary analysis rather than history? · 哪一句是文学分析而非历史叙述？
Only the second can be checked against the page. · 只有第二句可以通过页面内容核实。
You need outside historical research to analyse a novel's setting. · 你需要外部历史研究来分析小说的背景。
The text supplies the situation through what it assumes; the page is the evidence. · 文本通过其假设提供情境；页面就是证据。
Read the situation, not your own knowledge
- The evidence is what the text assumes, not what you know about the period.
- "Women could not own property then" is history; "the novel treats her inheritance as an emergency" is analysis.
- The second is checkable against the page, and only the second earns marks.
读那个情境,而不是你自己的知识
- 证据是文本所预设的东西,而不是你所知道的关于那个时代的知识。
- "当时女性不能拥有财产"是历史;"这部小说把她的继承当作一场紧急事件来处理"才是分析。
- 后者可以对照书页核查,而且只有后者能得分。
Match each list to what it reveals. · 将每份列表与其揭示的内容匹配。
Three questions, all answerable from the page alone. · 三个问题，均可仅从页面中回答。
A situation pass
- List what the text treats as normal without explaining it.
- List what it treats as shocking, and ask who would be shocked.
- Those two lists are the social and cultural situation, read entirely from the page.
情境检查
- 列出文本视为正常、且不加解释的东西。
- 列出它视为骇人的东西,并问是谁会感到震惊。
- 这两份清单就是社会与文化情境,完全从书页上读出。
The novel never states that a woman's inheritance was legally fragile. It simply treats the news of a will as a household emergency, and gives the lawyer three scenes and the heiress none. The social situation is fully readable from that distribution of attention.
这部小说从未说明女性的继承在法律上是脆弱的。它只是把一份遗嘱的消息当作家中的紧急事件来处理,并给了律师三场戏、给女继承人一场也没有。仅从这种注意力的分配,社会情境就完全读得出来。
Setting includes the social, cultural and historical situation in which events occur — not only time and place. Read it from what the text assumes: what it treats as normal without explanation, and what it treats as shocking. Historical knowledge is not textual evidence.
背景包括事件发生所处的社会、文化与历史情境——不只是时间与地点。要从文本所预设的东西中读出它:它不加解释就视为正常的,以及它视为骇人的。历史知识不是文本证据。