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证据、论点与风格选择

AP 英语语言与写作 · 第 6 主题

训练
讲义 词汇表
6.1

识别主张与证据
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

CLE-1
Writers make claims about subjects, rely on evidence that supports the reasoning that justifies the claim, and often acknowledge or respond to other, possibly opposing, arguments.

3.A
Reading – Identify and explain claims and evidence within an argument.

  • CLE-1.P When synthesizing, writers draw upon arguments from multiple sources, strategically select the most relevant information, and combine apt and specific source material as part of their own argument.
  • CLE-1.Q A source provides information for an argument, and some sources are more reliable or credible than others.
  • CLE-1.R A position and a perspective are different. Sources may have the same position on a subject, yet each comes from a different perspective based on their background, interests, and expertise.
  • CLE-1.S When incorporating evidence or sources into an argument, the strongest arguments recognize and acknowledge the biases and limitations of the material and account for those limitations in their reasoning.
  • CLE-1.T The degree to which a source does or does not consider other positions reflects the degree to which that source is biased.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

第六单元是综合写作单元,它包含着本课程中最锋利的一项区分。

  • 综合时,写作者取用多个来源的论证,策略性地选取最相关的信息,并把它整合进自己的论证。
  • 来源为论证提供信息,而有些来源比另一些更可靠或更可信(reliable or credible)。
  • 立场与视角是不同的。多个来源可以在某一主题上持相同立场,却各自出自不同视角。
  • 最有力的论证会认识并承认存在的其他立场。
  • 一个来源在多大程度上考虑了其他立场,反映了这个来源在多大程度上可信——这是你在考场上可以对任何来源施用的检验。
综合写作题赖以建立的那项区分
两个来源可以彼此一致,却在你的论证中做着完全不同的工作
6.2

撰写含主张与证据的段落
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

CLE-1
Writers make claims about subjects, rely on evidence that supports the reasoning that justifies the claim, and often acknowledge or respond to other, possibly opposing, arguments.

4.A
Writing – Develop a paragraph that includes a claim and evidence supporting the claim.

  • CLE-1.P When synthesizing, writers draw upon arguments from multiple sources, strategically select the most relevant information, and combine apt and specific source material as part of their own argument.
  • CLE-1.Q A source provides information for an argument, and some sources are more reliable or credible than others.
  • CLE-1.R A position and a perspective are different. Sources may have the same position on a subject, yet each comes from a different perspective based on their background, interests, and expertise.
  • CLE-1.S When incorporating evidence or sources into an argument, the strongest arguments recognize and acknowledge the biases and limitations of the material and account for those limitations in their reasoning.
  • CLE-1.T The degree to which a source does or does not consider other positions reflects the degree to which that source is biased.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

立场与视角的区分正是综合得以成立的原因。如果你只按立场给来源分类,你得到的是两堆——赞成与反对——以及每堆一段。而如果你按视角分类,你就能写出这样的句子:

经济学家与教师都支持这项措施,但他们支持的理由无法同时成立:一方看重可测量的收益,另一方看重学生所愿尝试之事的改变。

这句话就是综合。它用了两个来源,立足于每个来源实际所说,并产生了一项两个来源都没有作出的主张。

同样可考的是那项可信度检验。一个从不承认任何其他立场的来源,按 CED 自身的标准就是可信度较低的——而在文章中就某个来源这样说,是正当的证据。

6.3

识别总体论点
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

CLE-1
Writers make claims about subjects, rely on evidence that supports the reasoning that justifies the claim, and often acknowledge or respond to other, possibly opposing, arguments.

3.B
Reading – Identify and describe the overarching thesis of an argument, and any indication it provides of the argument’s structure.

  • CLE-1.U Consideration and use of new evidence may require revision of the thesis statement and/or changes to the line of reasoning.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

一个简短却承重的要点:对新证据的考量与使用,可能要求修正论点陈述,和/或改变推理线索(revision of the thesis statement)。

在阅读文本时,这意味着写作者的论点可能是回应性的——由证据塑造,而非强加于证据之上。要留意论证在哪里转向。

6.4

撰写论点句
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

CLE-1
Writers make claims about subjects, rely on evidence that supports the reasoning that justifies the claim, and often acknowledge or respond to other, possibly opposing, arguments.

4.B
Writing – Write a thesis statement that requires proof or defense and that may preview the structure of the argument.

  • CLE-1.U Consideration and use of new evidence may require revision of the thesis statement and/or changes to the line of reasoning.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

在限时写作中,这是一项你应当使用的许可。如果在起草过程中你发现证据并不支持你最初的论点,那就改论点,而不是改证据。阅卷人奖励的是与其证据相称的论证;预言自己的结论是没有分数的。

在实际操作上,最初几分钟应当用来读来源、勾画各项主张,然后再定下论点。在证据之后写出的论点,几乎总是优于在证据之前写出的论点。

6.5

用词、比喻与句法
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

STL-1
The rhetorical situation informs the strategic stylistic choices that writers make.

7.A
Reading – Explain how word choice, comparisons, and syntax contribute to the specific tone or style of a text.

  • STL-1.D A writer’s tone is the writer’s attitude or feeling about a subject, conveyed through word choice and writing style.
  • STL-1.E Readers infer a writer’s tone from the writer’s word choice, and especially the positive, negative, or other connotations of those words.
  • STL-1.F A writer’s shifts in tone from one part of a text to another may suggest the writer’s qualification, refinement, or reconsideration of their perspective on a subject.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

  • 写作者的语调(tone)是写作者对某一主题的态度或感受,通过用词与写作风格传达。
  • 读者从用词中推断语调——尤其是从所选词语的正面、负面或其他带有色彩的联想中。
  • 写作者在文本不同部分之间的语调转变(shifts in tone)可能提示限定、精炼或视角的改变。

第三项是分析的富矿。语调转变是文本中一个看得见的事件:在那一点上有什么改变了,而说明写作者希望读者在那之后有何不同的反应,恰恰是能得分的那类答案。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
some sources are more reliable or credible than others 可靠性与可信度 kě kào xìng yǔ kě xìn dù
consideration and use of new evidence may require revision of the thesis statement and/or changes to the line of reasoning 修正论点 xiū zhèng lùn diǎn
tone 语调 yǔ diào
shifts in tone 语调转变 yǔ diào zhuǎn biàn
6.6

运用词语与句法营造语气与风格
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

STL-1
The rhetorical situation informs the strategic stylistic choices that writers make.

8.A
Writing – Strategically use words, comparisons, and syntax to convey a specific tone or style in an argument.

  • STL-1.D A writer’s tone is the writer’s attitude or feeling about a subject, conveyed through word choice and writing style.
  • STL-1.E Readers infer a writer’s tone from the writer’s word choice, and especially the positive, negative, or other connotations of those words.
  • STL-1.F A writer’s shifts in tone from one part of a text to another may suggest the writer’s qualification, refinement, or reconsideration of their perspective on a subject.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

在自己的写作中,语调应当一致而受控,只在论证转向之处才有意转变——例如从陈述自己的立场转向承认对立立场的一部分时。

Worked example(一项真实的 AP 考试任务)。在一道综合写作题中,比较对同样两个来源的两种使用。薄弱版本:*「来源 B 与来源 D 一致认为这项政策应当继续。」这是按立场分类,什么也产生不了。有力版本:「来源 B 与来源 D 都为这项政策辩护,但 B 是以一位衡量合规情况的管理者身份辩护,D 则是以一位描述这项政策使什么成为可能的参与者身份辩护——因此这种一致比表面上看起来更单薄,而整个论证取决于我们衡量的是这项政策的运作还是它的效果。」*同样两个来源,但起作用的是视角,而那项主张属于写作者自己。

6.6

考试技巧
  • **立场与视角是不同的。**仅这一项区分就能把多数综合写作文章带出中间分段。
  • 按视角给来源分类,而不是按阵营。按阵营分类会得到每堆一段、而无论证。
  • 使用 CED 的可信度检验:忽略所有其他立场的来源较弱,而你可以在文中这样说。
  • 如果证据与论点不合,就改论点。与自己最初的想法保持一致是没有分数的。
  • 语调转变是看得见的事件。说出改变了什么,以及读者在那之后应当作何反应。
  • 保持自己的语调受控。只在论证真正转向之处才转变它。

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