A-Level Biology · ⁨Biologi A-Level⁩

1.1 The microscope in cell studies · ⁨Mikroskop dalam studi sel⁩ 1.2.1 Eukaryotic cells and their organelles · ⁨Sel eukariotik dan organelnya⁩ 1.2.2 Prokaryotic cells and viruses · ⁨Sel prokariotik dan virus⁩

2.1 Testing for biological molecules · ⁨Menguji molekul biologis⁩ 2.2.1 Carbohydrates · ⁨Karbohidrat⁩ 2.2.2 Lipids · ⁨Lipid⁩ 2.3 Proteins · ⁨Protein⁩ 2.4 Water · ⁨Air⁩

3.1 Mode of action of enzymes · ⁨Cara kerja enzim⁩ 3.2.1 Factors that affect enzyme action · ⁨Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kerja enzim⁩ 3.2.2 Vmax, Km and inhibitors · ⁨Vmax, Km, dan inhibitor⁩

4.1 Fluid mosaic membranes · ⁨Membran mosaik cair⁩ 4.2.1 Movement into and out of cells · ⁨Pergerakan masuk dan keluar sel⁩ 4.2.2 Surface area to volume ratio · ⁨Rasio luas permukaan terhadap volume⁩ 4.2.3 Water potential and living cells · ⁨Potensial air dan sel hidup⁩

5.1.1 Chromosomes and the cell cycle · ⁨Kromosom dan siklus sel⁩ 5.1.2 The significance of mitosis · ⁨Signifikansi mitosis⁩ 5.2 Chromosome behaviour in mitosis · ⁨Perilaku kromosom dalam mitosis⁩

6.1.1 Nucleotides and the structure of DNA · ⁨Nukleotida dan struktur DNA⁩ 6.1.2 Replication of DNA and RNA · ⁨Replikasi DNA dan RNA⁩ 6.2.1 The genetic code and protein synthesis · ⁨Kode genetik dan sintesis protein⁩ 6.2.2 Gene mutations · ⁨Mutasi gen⁩

7.1 Structure of transport tissues · ⁨Struktur jaringan pengangkut⁩ 7.2.1 Water uptake and movement to the xylem · ⁨Penyerapan air dan pergerakan menuju xilem⁩ 7.2.2 Transpiration and xerophytes · ⁨Transpirasi dan xerofit⁩ 7.2.3 Translocation in the phloem · ⁨Translokasi dalam floem⁩

8.1.1 The circulatory system · ⁨Sistem peredaran darah⁩ 8.1.2 Blood cells, plasma and tissue fluid · ⁨Sel darah, plasma, dan cairan jaringan⁩ 8.2.1 Transport of oxygen · ⁨Transportasi oksigen⁩ 8.2.2 Transport of carbon dioxide · ⁨Transportasi karbon dioksida⁩ 8.3 The heart · ⁨Jantung⁩

9.1.1 The gas exchange system and airways · ⁨Sistem pertukaran gas dan saluran udara⁩ 9.1.2 Gas exchange in the alveoli · ⁨Pertukaran gas di alveoli⁩

10.1.1 Infectious diseases · ⁨Penyakit menular⁩ 10.1.2 Preventing and controlling disease · ⁨Pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit⁩ 10.2 Antibiotics · ⁨Antibiotik⁩

11.1.1 Phagocytes and antigens · ⁨Fagosit dan antigen⁩ 11.1.2 The immune response and memory cells · ⁨Respons imun dan sel memori⁩ 11.2.1 Antibodies and monoclonal antibodies · ⁨Antibodi dan antibodi monoklonal⁩ 11.2.2 Types of immunity and vaccination · ⁨Jenis kekebalan dan vaksinasi⁩

12.1 Energy · ⁨Energi⁩ 12.2.1 Respiratory substrates and RQ · ⁨Substrat respirasi dan RQ⁩ 12.2.2 Glycolysis and the link reaction · ⁨Glikolisis dan reaksi penghubung⁩ 12.2.3 Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation · ⁨Siklus Krebs dan fosforilasi oksidatif⁩ 12.2.4 Anaerobic respiration · ⁨Respirasi anaerob⁩

13.1.1 The chloroplast and pigments · ⁨Kloroplas dan pigmennya.⁩ 13.1.2 The light-dependent stage · ⁨Tahap bergantung cahaya⁩ 13.1.3 The Calvin cycle · ⁨Siklus Calvin⁩ 13.2 Investigation of limiting factors · ⁨Investigasi faktor pembatas⁩

14.1.1 Homeostasis and the liver · ⁨Homeostasis dan hati⁩ 14.1.2 The kidney and the nephron · ⁨Ginjal dan nefron⁩ 14.1.3 Osmoregulation · ⁨Osmoregulasi⁩ 14.1.4 Controlling blood glucose · ⁨Mengontrol glukosa darah⁩ 14.2 Homeostasis in plants · ⁨Homeostasis pada tumbuhan⁩

15.1.1 Coordination systems and neurones · ⁨Sistem koordinasi dan neurone⁩ 15.1.2 The nerve impulse · ⁨Impuls saraf⁩ 15.1.3 The synapse · ⁨Sinaps⁩ 15.1.4 Muscles and contraction · ⁨Otot dan kontraksi⁩ 15.2 Control and coordination in plants · ⁨Kontrol dan koordinasi pada tumbuhan⁩

16.1 Passage of information from parents to offspring · ⁨Perjalanan informasi dari orang tua ke anak⁩ 16.2.1 The language of genetics · ⁨Bahasa genetika⁩ 16.2.2 Genetic diagrams and crosses · ⁨Diagram genetik dan persilangan⁩ 16.2.3 From genes to phenotype · ⁨Dari gen ke fenotipe⁩ 16.3 Gene control · ⁨Kontrol gen⁩

17.1 Variation · ⁨Variasi⁩ 17.2.1 Natural selection · ⁨Seleksi alam⁩ 17.2.2 Changing allele frequencies · ⁨Perubahan frekuensi alel⁩ 17.2.3 Artificial selection · ⁨Seleksi buatan⁩ 17.3 Evolution · ⁨Evolusi⁩

18.1.1 Species and the three domains · ⁨Spesies dan tiga domain⁩ 18.1.2 The taxonomic hierarchy and kingdoms · ⁨Hierarki taksonomi dan kingdom⁩ 18.2 Biodiversity · ⁨Keanekaragaman Hayati⁩ 18.3 Conservation · ⁨Konservasi⁩

19.1.1 Principles and tools of genetic technology · ⁨Prinsip dan alat teknologi genetik⁩ 19.1.2 Copying and sorting DNA · ⁨Menyalin dan mengurutkan DNA⁩ 19.2 Genetic technology applied to medicine · ⁨Teknologi genetika diterapkan dalam kedokteran⁩ 19.3 Genetically modified organisms in agriculture · ⁨Organisme transgenik dalam pertanian⁩