8.1 Contextualizing Period 8

Learning Objective Unit 8.A: Explain the context for societal change from 1945 to 1980.

• KC-8.1 The United States responded to an uncertain and unstable postwar world by asserting and working to maintain a position of global leadership, with far-reaching domestic and international consequences.
  • KC-8.1.I United States policymakers engaged in a cold war with the authoritarian Soviet Union, seeking to limit the growth of Communist military power and ideological influence, create a free-market global economy, and build an international security system.
  • KC-8.1.II Cold War policies led to public debates over the power of the federal government and acceptable means for pursuing international and domestic goals while protecting civil liberties.
• KC-8.2 New movements for civil rights and liberal efforts to expand the role of government generated a range of political and cultural responses.
  • KC-8.2.I Seeking to fulfill Reconstruction-era promises, civil rights activists and political leaders achieved some legal and political successes in ending segregation, although progress toward racial equality was slow.
  • KC-8.2.II Responding to social conditions and the African American civil rights movement, a variety of movements emerged that focused on issues of identity, social justice, and the environment.
  • KC-8.2.III Liberalism influenced postwar politics and court decisions, but it came under increasing attack from the left as well as from a resurgent conservative movement.
• KC-8.3 Postwar economic and demographic changes had far-reaching consequences for American society, politics, and culture.
  • KC-8.3.I Rapid economic and social changes in American society fostered a sense of optimism in the postwar years.
  • KC-8.3.II New demographic and social developments, along with anxieties over the Cold War, changed U.S. culture and led to significant political and moral debates that sharply divided the nation.

8.2 The Cold War from 1945 to 1980

Thematic Focus (WOR): America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.

Learning Objective Unit 8.B: Explain the continuities and changes in Cold War policies from 1945 to 1980.

• KC-8.1.I United States policymakers engaged in a cold war with the authoritarian Soviet Union, seeking to limit the growth of Communist military power and ideological influence, create a free-market global economy, and build an international security system.
• KC-8.1.I.A As postwar tensions dissolved the wartime alliance between Western democracies and the Soviet Union, the United States developed a foreign policy based on collective security, international aid, and economic institutions that bolstered non-Communist nations.
• KC-8.1.I.B.i Concerned by expansionist Communist ideology and Soviet repression, the United States sought to contain communism through a variety of measures, including major military engagements in Korea.
• KC-8.1.I.C The Cold War fluctuated between periods of direct and indirect military confrontation and periods of mutual coexistence (or détente).

8.3 The Red Scare

Thematic Focus (NAT): American and National Identity — The development of and debates about democracy, freedom, citizenship, diversity, and individualism shape American national identity, cultural values, and beliefs about American exceptionalism, and in turn, these ideas shape political institutions and society. Throughout American history, notions of national identity and culture have coexisted with varying degrees of regional and group identities.

Learning Objective Unit 8.C: Explain the causes and effects of the Red Scare after World War II.

• KC-8.1.II.A Americans debated policies and methods designed to expose suspected communists within the United States even as both parties supported the broader strategy of containing communism.

8.4 Economy After 1945

Thematic Focus (WXT): Work, Exchange, and Technology — The interplay between markets, private enterprise, labor, technology, and government policy shape the American economy. In turn, economic activity shapes society and government policy and drives technological innovation.

Learning Objective Unit 8.D: Explain the causes of economic growth in the years after World War II. THEMATIC FOCUS Migration and Settlement MIG Push and pull factors shape immigration to and migration within America, and the demographic change as a result of these moves shapes the migrants, society, and the environment. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

• KC-8.3.I.A A burgeoning private sector, federal spending, the baby boom, and technological developments helped spur economic growth. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Learning Objective Unit 8.E: Explain the causes and effects of the migration of various groups of Americans after 1945.

• KC-8.3.I.B As higher education opportunities and new technologies rapidly expanded, increasing social mobility encouraged the migration of the middle class to the suburbs and of many Americans to the South and West. The Sun Belt region emerged as a significant political and economic force.

8.5 Culture after 1945

Thematic Focus (ARC): American and Regional Culture — Creative expression, demographic change, philosophy, religious beliefs, scientific ideas, social mores, and technology shape national, regional, and group cultures in America, and these varying cultures often play a role in shaping government policy and developing economic systems.

Learning Objective Unit 8.F: Explain how mass culture has been maintained or challenged over time.

• KC-8.3.II.A Mass culture became increasingly homogeneous in the postwar years, inspiring challenges to conformity by artists, intellectuals, and rebellious youth.

8.6 Early Steps in the Civil Rights Movement (1940s and 1950s)

Thematic Focus (SOC): Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.

Learning Objective Unit 8.G: Explain how and why the civil rights movements developed and expanded from 1945 to 1960.

• KC-8.2.I Seeking to fulfill Reconstruction-era promises, civil rights activists and political leaders achieved some legal and political successes in ending segregation, although progress toward racial equality was slow.
• KC-8.2.I.B.i The three branches of the federal government used measures including desegregation of the armed services and Brown v. Board of Education (1954) to promote greater racial equality.

8.10 The African American Civil Rights Movement (1960s)

Thematic Focus (SOC): Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.

Thematic Focus (PCE): Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.

Learning Objective Unit 8.L: Explain how and why various groups responded to calls for the expansion of civil rights from 1960 to 1980.

• KC-8.2.I.A During and after World War II, civil rights activists and leaders, most notably Martin Luther King Jr., combated racial discrimination utilizing a variety of strategies, including legal challenges, direct action, and nonviolent protest tactics.
• KC-8.2.I.C Continuing resistance slowed efforts at desegregation, sparking social and political unrest across the nation. Debates among civil rights activists over the efficacy of nonviolence increased after 1965.

Learning Objective Unit 8.M: Explain the various ways in which the federal government responded to the calls for the expansion of civil rights.

• KC-8.2.I.B.ii The three branches of the federal government used measures including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to promote greater racial equality.
• KC-8.2.III.B.ii A series of Supreme Court decisions expanded civil rights and individual liberties.

8.11 The Civil Rights Movement Expands

Thematic Focus (SOC): Social Structures — Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture, and the lives of citizens.

Learning Objective Unit 8.L: Explain how and why various groups responded to calls for the expansion of civil rights from 1960 to 1980.

• KC-8.2.II.B Latino, American Indian, and Asian American movements continued to demand social and economic equality and a redress of past injustices.
• KC-8.2.II.A Feminist and LGBTQ+ activists mobilized behind claims for legal, economic, and social equality.
• KC-8.3.II.B.i Feminists who participated in the counterculture of the 1960s rejected many of the social, economic, and political values of their parents’ generation and advocated changes in sexual norms.

8.7 America as a World Power

Thematic Focus (WOR): America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.

Learning Objective Unit 8.H: Explain the various military and diplomatic responses to international developments over time.

• KC-8.1.I.E Cold War competition extended to Latin America, where the United States supported non-Communist regimes that had varying levels of commitment to democracy.
• KC-8.1.II.C.i Americans debated the merits of a large nuclear arsenal and the military–industrial complex.
• KC-8.1.I.D.i Postwar decolonization and the emergence of powerful nationalist movements in Africa and the Middle East led both sides in the Cold War to seek allies among new nations, many of which remained nonaligned.

8.8 The Vietnam War

Thematic Focus (WOR): America in the World — Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.

Learning Objective Unit 8.I: Explain the causes and effects of the Vietnam War.

• KC-8.1.I.B.ii Concerned by expansionist Communist ideology and Soviet repression, the United States sought to contain communism through a variety of measures, including major military engagements in Vietnam.
• KC-8.1.I.D.ii Postwar decolonization and the emergence of powerful nationalist movements in Asia led both sides in the Cold War to seek allies among new nations, many of which remained nonaligned.
• KC-8.1.II.C.ii Americans debated the appropriate power of the executive branch in conducting foreign and military policy.

8.9 The Great Society

Thematic Focus (PCE): Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.

Thematic Focus (MIG): Migration and Settlement — Push and pull factors shape immigration to and migration within America, and the demographic change as a result of these moves shapes the migrants, society, and the environment.

Learning Objective Unit 8.J: Explain the causes and effects of continuing policy debates about the role of the federal government over time.

• KC-8.2.II.C Despite an overall affluence in postwar America, advocates raised concerns about the prevalence and persistence of poverty as a national problem.
• KC-8.2.III.A Liberalism, based on anti-communism abroad and a firm belief in the efficacy of government power to achieve social goals at home, reached a high point of political influence by the mid-1960s.
• KC-8.2.III.B.i Liberal ideas found expression in Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society, which attempted to use federal legislation and programs to end racial discrimination, eliminate poverty, and address other social issues.

Learning Objective Unit 8.K: Explain the continuities and changes in immigration patterns over time.

• KC-8.3.I.C Immigrants from around the world sought access to the political, social, and economic opportunities in the United States, especially after the passage of new immigration laws in 1965.

8.12 Youth Culture of the 1960s

Thematic Focus (ARC): American and Regional Culture — Creative expression, demographic change, philosophy, religious beliefs, scientific ideas, social mores, and technology shape national, regional, and group cultures in America, and these varying cultures often play a role in shaping government policy and developing economic systems.

Learning Objective Unit 8.N: Explain how and why opposition to existing policies and values developed and changed over the course of the 20th century.

• KC-8.1.II.B Although anti-communist foreign policy faced little domestic opposition in previous years, the Vietnam War inspired sizable and passionate anti-war protests that became more numerous as the war escalated and sometimes led to violence.
• KC-8.2.III.D Some groups on the left also rejected liberal policies, arguing that political leaders did too little to transform the racial and economic status quo at home and pursued immoral policies abroad.
• KC-8.3.II.B.ii Young people who participated in the counterculture of the 1960s rejected many of the social, economic, and political values of their parents’ generation, introduced greater informality into U.S. culture, and advocated changes in sexual norms.

8.13 The Environment and Natural Resources from 1968 to 1980

Thematic Focus (GEO): Geography and the Environment — Geographic and environmental factors, including competition over and debates about natural resources, shape the development of America and foster regional diversity. The development of America impacts the environment and reshapes geography, which leads to debates about environmental and geographic issues.

Learning Objective Unit 8.O: Explain how and why policies related to the environment developed and changed from 1968 to 1980.

• KC-8.1.II.D Ideological, military, and economic concerns shaped U.S. involvement in the Middle East, with several oil crises in the region eventually sparking attempts at creating a national energy policy.
• KC-8.2.II.D Environmental problems and accidents led to a growing environmental movement that aimed to use legislative and public efforts to combat pollution and protect natural resources. The federal government established new environmental programs and regulations.

8.14 Society in Transition

Thematic Focus (PCE): Politics and Power — Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in American social, political, and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties, and the rights of citizens.

Thematic Focus (ARC): American and Regional Culture — Creative expression, demographic change, philosophy, religious beliefs, scientific ideas, social mores, and technology shape national, regional, and group cultures in America, and these varying cultures often play a role in shaping government policy and developing economic systems.

Learning Objective Unit 8.J: Explain the causes and effects of continuing policy debates about the role of the federal government over time.

• KC-8.2.III.C In the 1960s, conservatives challenged liberal laws and court decisions and perceived moral and cultural decline, seeking to limit the role of the federal government and enact more assertive foreign policies.
• KC-8.2.III.E Public confidence and trust in government’s ability to solve social and economic problems declined in the 1970s in the wake of economic challenges, political scandals, and foreign policy crises.
• KC-8.2.III.F The 1970s saw growing clashes between conservatives and liberals over social and cultural issues, the power of the federal government, race, and movements for greater individual rights.

Learning Objective Unit 8.P: Explain the effects of the growth of religious movements over the course of the 20th century.

• KC-8.3.II.C The rapid and substantial growth of evangelical Christian churches and organizations was accompanied by greater political and social activism on the part of religious conservatives.

8.15 Continuity and Change in Period 8

Learning Objective Unit 8.Q: Explain the extent to which the events of the period from 1945 to1980 reshaped national identity.

• KC-8.1 The United States responded to an uncertain and unstable postwar world by asserting and working to maintain a position of global leadership, with far-reaching domestic and international consequences.
  • KC-8.1.I United States policymakers engaged in a cold war with the authoritarian Soviet Union, seeking to limit the growth of Communist military power and ideological influence, create a free-market global economy, and build an international security system.
  • KC-8.1.II Cold War policies led to public debates over the power of the federal government and acceptable means for pursuing international and domestic goals while protecting civil liberties.
• KC-8.2 New movements for civil rights and liberal efforts to expand the role of government generated a range of political and cultural responses.
  • KC-8.2.I Seeking to fulfill Reconstruction-era promises, civil rights activists and political leaders achieved some legal and political successes in ending segregation, although progress toward racial equality was slow.
  • KC-8.2.II Responding to social conditions and the African American civil rights movement, a variety of movements emerged that focused on issues of identity, social justice, and the environment.
  • KC-8.2.III Liberalism influenced postwar politics and court decisions, but it came under increasing attack from the left as well as from a resurgent conservative movement.
• KC-8.3 Postwar economic and demographic changes had far-reaching consequences for American society, politics, and culture.
  • KC-8.3.I Rapid economic and social changes in American society fostered a sense of optimism in the postwar years.
  • KC-8.3.II New demographic and social developments, along with anxieties over the Cold War, changed U.S. culture and led to significant political and moral debates that sharply divided the nation.