Civil Rights, 1960-1980
Three strategies
- During and after World War II, civil rights activists and leaders, most notably Martin Luther King Jr., combated racial discrimination utilising a variety of strategies, including legal challenges, direct action, and nonviolent protest tactics.
- Three named strategies: legal challenges, direct action, and nonviolent protest tactics — they are different, not synonyms.
- During and after World War II dates the movement earlier than the 1960s, which matters for how it is explained.
Select all three strategies the CED names.
They are different, not synonyms.
Resistance, unrest, and a debate
- Continuing resistance slowed efforts at desegregation, sparking social and political unrest across the nation.
- Debates among civil rights activists over the efficacy of nonviolence increased after 1965.
- The second sentence records a disagreement within the movement, dated, and it belongs in any full answer.
The CED dates activist debate over nonviolence as increasing...
A disagreement within the movement, explicitly stated.
The federal response
- The three branches of the federal government used measures including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to promote greater racial equality.
- A series of Supreme Court decisions expanded civil rights and individual liberties.
- 8.6 named an executive and a judicial measure; here the CED adds a legislative one, completing the three branches.
A strategy, a form of resistance, or a federal measure?
Sort each element of the movement, 1960-1980.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 completes the three branches by adding a...
8.6 had named an executive and a judicial one.
The CED records a disagreement within the movement, and dates it. Debates among civil rights activists over the efficacy of nonviolence increased after 1965 — an answer that presents a single unified strategy has left out a development the CED states explicitly.
Match each strategy to the institution it addresses.
A variety of strategies is a movement addressing several institutions.
Why strategies differed
- A legal challenge asks a court to apply an existing text; direct action creates a situation that forces a decision.
- Each fits a different institution: courts respond to cases, legislatures to pressure, public opinion to visible events.
- So the variety of strategies is not indecision; it is a movement addressing several institutions at once.
The CED dates the movement to during and after World War ____.
Earlier than the 1960s, which matters for how it is explained.
Two objectives, two directions
- 8.10 asks how and why various groups responded to calls for the expansion of civil rights and how the federal government responded.
- Groups: activists with three strategies, resisters who slowed desegregation, and activists debating nonviolence after 1965.
- Federal government: legislation, court decisions, and measures across all three branches.
A court needs a case, a legislature needs pressure, and public opinion needs something it can see. A movement that uses one method is addressing one institution; a movement that uses three is addressing three.
Civil rights activists and leaders, most notably Martin Luther King Jr., combated racial discrimination utilising a variety of strategies, including legal challenges, direct action, and nonviolent protest tactics. Continuing resistance slowed efforts at desegregation, sparking social and political unrest across the nation. Debates among civil rights activists over the efficacy of nonviolence increased after 1965. Federally, the three branches... used measures including the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and a series of Supreme Court decisions expanded civil rights and individual liberties.