8.1 Setting the Stage for the Cold War and Decolonization

Thematic Focus (GOV): Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Learning Objective Unit 8.A: Explain the historical context of the Cold War after 1945.

• KC-6.2.II Hopes for greater self-government were largely unfulfilled following World War I; however, in the years following World War II, increasing anti-imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states.
• KC-6.2.IV.C.i Technological and economic gains experienced during World War II by the victorious nations shifted the global balance of power.

8.2 The Cold War

Thematic Focus (CDI): Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

Learning Objective Unit 8.B: Explain the causes and effects of the ideological struggle of the Cold War.

• KC-6.2.IV.C.ii The global balance of economic and political power shifted during and after World War II and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The democracy of the United States and the authoritarian communist Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological conflict and a power struggle between capitalism and communism across the globe.
• KC-6.2.V.B Groups and individuals, including the Non-Aligned Movement, opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders.

Illustrative examples:

• Non-Aligned Movement:
  • Sukarno in Indonesia
  • Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana

8.3 Effects of the Cold War

Thematic Focus (GOV): Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Learning Objective Unit 8.C: Compare the ways in which the United States and the Soviet Union sought to maintain influence over the course of the Cold War.

• KC-6.2.IV.D The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and led to nuclear proliferation and proxy wars between and within postcolonial states in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.

Illustrative examples:

• Proxy wars:
  • Korean War
  • Angolan Civil War
  • Sandinista-Contras conflict in Nicaragua

8.4 Spread of Communism After 1900

Thematic Focus (ECN): Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

Learning Objective Unit 8.D: Explain the causes and consequences of China’s adoption of communism. THEMATIC FOCUS Social Interactions and Organization SIO The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

• KC-6.2.I.i As a result of internal tension and Japanese aggression, Chinese communists seized power. These changes in China eventually led to communist revolution.
• KC-6.3.I.A.ii In communist China, the government controlled the national economy through the Great Leap Forward, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Learning Objective Unit 8.E: Explain the causes and effects of movements to redistribute economic resources.

• KC-6.2.II.D.i Movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, sometimes advocating communism or socialism.

Illustrative examples:

• Land and resource redistribution:
  • Communist Revolution for Vietnamese independence
  • Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia
  • Land reform in Kerala and other states within India
  • White Revolution in Iran

8.5 Decolonization After 1900

Thematic Focus (GOV): Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Learning Objective Unit 8.F: Compare the processes by which various peoples pursued independence after 1900.

• KC-6.2.II.A Nationalist leaders and parties in Asia and Africa sought varying degrees of autonomy within or independence from imperial rule.
• KC-6.2.I.C After the end of World War II, some colonies negotiated their independence, while others achieved independence through armed struggle.
• KC-6.2.II.B Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries. Some of these movements advocated for autonomy.

Illustrative examples:

• Nationalist leaders and parties:
  • Indian National Congress
  • Ho Chi Minh in French Indochina (Vietnam)
  • Kwame Nkrumah in British Gold Coast (Ghana)
  • Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt
• Negotiated independence:
  • India from the British Empire
  • The Gold Coast from the British Empire
  • French West Africa
• Independence through armed struggle:
  • Algeria from the French empire
  • Angola from the Portuguese empire
  • Vietnam from the French empire
• Regional, religious, and ethnic movements:
  • Muslim League in British India
  • Québécois separatist movement in Canada
  • Biafra secessionist movement in Nigeria

8.6 Newly Independent States

Thematic Focus (GOV): Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Thematic Focus (ECN): Economics Systems — As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

Learning Objective Unit 8.G: Explain how political changes in the period from c. 1900 to the present led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments.

• KC-6.2.III.A.i The redrawing of political boundaries after the withdrawal of former colonial authorities led to the creation of new states.
• KC-6.2.III.A.ii The redrawing of political boundaries in some cases led to conflict as well as population displacement and/or resettlements, including those related to the Partition of India and the creation of the state of Israel.

Learning Objective Unit 8.H: Explain the economic changes and continuities resulting from the process of decolonization.

• KC-6.3.I.C In newly independent states after World War II, governments often took on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development.
• KC-6.2.III.B The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles (the former colonizing country), usually in the major cities, maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires.

Illustrative examples:

• States created by redrawing of political boundaries:
  • Israel
  • Cambodia
  • Pakistan
• (CONT’D) Governments guiding economic life:
  • Gamal Abdel Nasser’s promotion of economic development in Egypt
  • Indira Gandhi's economic policies in India
  • Julius Nyerere’s modernization in Tanzania
  • Sirimavo Bandaranaike’s economic policies in Sri Lanka
• Migrations:
  • South Asians to Britain
  • Algerians to France
  • Filipinos to the United States

8.7 Global Resistance to Established Power Structures After 1900

Thematic Focus (CDI): Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

Learning Objective Unit 8.I: Explain various reactions to existing power structures in the period after 1900.

• KC-6.2.V Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups— including states—opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts.
• KC-6.2.V.A Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century, and some, such as Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela, promoted the practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change.
• KC-6.2.V.C Militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict.
• KC-6.2.V.D Some movements used violence against civilians in an effort to achieve political aims.

Illustrative examples:

• Responses that intensified conflict:
  • Chile under Augusto Pinochet
  • Spain under Francisco Franco
  • Uganda under Idi Amin
  • The buildup of the military–industrial complex and weapons trading
• Movements that used violence:
  • Shining Path
  • Al-Qaeda

8.8 End of the Cold War

Thematic Focus (GOV): Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Learning Objective Unit 8.J: Explain the causes of the end of the Cold War.

• KC-6.2.IV.E Advances in U.S. military and technological development, the Soviet Union’s costly and ultimately failed invasion of Afghanistan, and public discontent and economic weakness in communist countries led to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

8.9 Causation in the Age of the Cold War and Decolonization

Learning Objective Unit 8.K: Explain the extent to which the effects of the Cold War were similar in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

• KC-6.2 Peoples and states around the world challenged the existing political and social order in varying ways, leading to unprecedented worldwide conflicts.
  • KC-6.2.II Hopes for greater self-government were largely unfulfilled following the World War I; however, in the years following the World War II, increasing anti-imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states.
  • KC-6.2.IV.C The Cold War conflict extended beyond its basic ideological origins to have profound effects on economic, political, social, and cultural aspects of global events.
• KC-6.3 The role of the state in the domestic economy varied, and new institutions of global association emerged and continued to develop throughout the century.
  • KC-6.3.I States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century.