Unit 6 covers the consequences of industrialisation, 1750 to 1900: why industrial states expanded, how people resisted, how the world economy reorganised, and who moved.

A range of cultural, religious, and racial ideologies 文化、宗教与种族意识形态 were used to justify imperialism. The examinable ones are the civilising mission 文明教化使命, missionary activity, Social Darwinism 社会达尔文主义 applied to nations and peoples, and nationalism - the claim that colonies proved a state's greatness.

These are justifications, not causes. Naming them as ideology, and separating them from the economic and strategic motives in the next sections, is what a strong answer does.

Expansion took several forms, and the CED distinguishes them:

• Some states strengthened control over existing colonies, converting trading relationships into direct rule.
• European states, the United States, and Japan acquired new territory, showing that imperialism was not only European.
• Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy 战争与外交 to expand - conquest, but also treaties, protectorates, and partition agreements made in Europe.
• Europeans established settler colonies 定居殖民地 in some places, which displaced Indigenous populations far more thoroughly than administrative rule.
• The United States, Russia, and Japan expanded by taking contiguous land rather than overseas territory.

Anti-imperial resistance 抵抗 took various forms, and listing only armed revolt loses marks:

• Direct resistance 直接抵抗 - armed rebellion against colonial authority.
• Creation of new states 建立新国家 by leaders organising against imperial power.
• Religious and cultural movements 宗教与文化运动 that reasserted local identity against colonial rule.

Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism in colonised regions led to rebellions, some of which were sustained enough to change imperial policy. The important point: resistance is continuous throughout the period, not a late reaction.

The need for raw materials 原材料 for factories and increased food supplies 粮食供应 for growing urban populations reorganised production across the world. Colonies and dependent regions were pushed toward cash crops 经济作物 and extractive industries 采掘业, often at the cost of food production for local use.

Economic imperialism 经济帝国主义 is the examinable distinction. Industrialised states and their businesses exercised control through investment, loans, and trade dominance 投资、贷款与贸易支配 without necessarily taking political control - so a region could be economically dominated while remaining formally independent.

Trade in some commodities was organised so that merchants and firms in industrialised states held disproportionate power 不成比例的权力 over producers, setting prices and terms.

Migration in this period was shaped by demographic change in both sending and receiving societies, and by new modes of transportation 交通方式 - steamships and railways - which made long-distance and often temporary or seasonal 临时或季节性 movement possible for the first time.

Two kinds must be distinguished:

• Many people chose freely to relocate, usually in search of work.
• The global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semi-coerced labour 强制与半强制劳动, including indentured servitude 契约劳工 and convict labour, after the legal end of the slave trade.

Three effects are named directly in the CED:

• Migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles 女性承担新角色 in the home societies they left.
• Migrants created ethnic enclaves 族裔聚居区 in destination societies, transplanting and adapting their cultures.
• Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, and the examinable evidence is legal exclusion - most clearly the restriction of Chinese and other Asian migration in several countries.

The unit's reasoning skill is causation. The strongest chain: industrial production created demand for raw materials and markets, which drove expansion; expansion required justification, which ideology supplied; and both produced resistance and mass migration.

Worked example (a real AP exam question). AP World short-answer questions here ask, for example, to "Explain one way in which industrialisation contributed to imperialism" between 1750 and 1900. A full-mark answer traces the mechanism: "Industrial factories required raw materials such as cotton and rubber that could not be produced in Europe, so industrial states took political or economic control of regions that could supply them, reorganising those economies around export crops." Notice the shape: the mark is for the link, not for asserting that industrialisation and imperialism are connected.

• Separate justifications (civilising mission, Social Darwinism) from causes (raw materials, markets, strategy). Questions often ask for one and reward not confusing it with the other.
• Economic imperialism works without political control; that distinction answers many questions on its own.
• Give three kinds of resistance - direct, new states, religious and cultural movements.
• Migration questions want the split between free and coerced or semi-coerced movement.
• For effects, use the CED's own three: male migration changing home societies, ethnic enclaves, and exclusion laws.
• Causation answers must trace a mechanism. Asserting a connection is not explaining one.