剑桥 IGCSE IGCSE, A-Level & AP 练习单预览

基本经济概念

AP 宏观经济学 · 第 1 主题

训练
讲义 词汇表
1.1

稀缺性
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

MOD-1
The production possibilities curve (PPC) model is used to demonstrate the full employment level of output and to illustrate changes in full employment.

MOD-1.A
Define scarcity and economic resources.

  • MOD-1.A.1 Individuals and societies are forced to make choices because most resources are scarce.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

经济学(economics)以稀缺性(scarcity)开始:人们的欲望是无限的,但满足它们的资源(resources)是有限的。这些资源——生产要素(factors of production)——是土地(land)、劳动(labor)、资本(capital)和企业家才能(entrepreneurship)。稀缺性迫使每个社会选择生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产,而它使权衡(trade-offs)不可避免。

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
Economics 经济学 jīng jì xué
scarcity 稀缺性 xī quē xìng
resources 资源 zī yuán
factors of production 生产要素 shēng chǎn yào sù
labor 劳动 láo dòng
capital 资本 zī běn
entrepreneurship 企业家才能 qǐ yè jiā cái néng
trade-offs 权衡 quán héng
练习卷
1.2

机会成本与生产可能性曲线（PPC）
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

MOD-1
The production possibilities curve (PPC) model is used to demonstrate the full employment level of output and to illustrate changes in full employment.

MOD-1.B
a. Define (using graphs as appropriate) the PPC and related terms.
b. Explain (using graphs as appropriate) how the PPC illustrates opportunity costs, tradeoffs, inefficiency, efficiency, and economic growth or contraction under various conditions.
c. Calculate (using data from PPCs or tables as appropriate) opportunity cost.

  • MOD-1.B.1 The PPC is a model used to show the tradeoffs associated with allocating resources.
  • MOD-1.B.2 The PPC can be used to illustrate the concepts of scarcity, opportunity cost, efficiency, underutilized resources, and economic growth or contraction.
  • MOD-1.B.3 The shape of the PPC depends on whether opportunity costs are constant, increasing, or decreasing.
  • MOD-1.B.4 The PPC can shift because of changes in factors of production as well as changes in productivity/technology.
  • MOD-1.B.5 Economic growth results in an outward shift of the PPC.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

生产可能性边界

每个选择都有一个机会成本(opportunity cost)——放弃的下一个最好的替代的价值。生产可能性曲线(PPC)(production possibilities curve)显示当资源被充分而高效地使用时一个经济能制造的两种物品的最大组合。

一条直的 PPC 意味着恒定的机会成本;一条弯的意味着增加的成本
一条直的 PPC 意味着恒定的机会成本;一条弯的意味着增加的成本
  • 曲线上的点是高效的;里面,低效的(失业的资源);外面,不可达的。
  • 向下的斜率显示机会成本;一条向外凸的曲线显示增加的机会成本。
  • 更多资源或更好的技术造成经济增长(economic growth),使 PPC 向外移动。
一条生产可能性曲线;投资于资本物品使它向外移动
一条生产可能性曲线;投资于资本物品使它向外移动
探索

Explore the production possibilities curve

Move along the curve — making more capital goods means giving up consumer goods. That lost output is the opportunity cost, and the bowed shape shows it rising with each extra unit.

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
opportunity cost 机会成本 jī huì chéng běn
production possibilities curve (PPC) 生产可能性曲线 shēng chǎn kě néng xìng qū xiàn
economic growth 经济增长 jīng jì zēng zhǎng
练习卷
1.3

比较优势与贸易收益
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

MKT-1
Production and consumption increase by engaging in trade.

MKT-1.A
a. Define absolute advantage and comparative advantage.
b. Determine (using data from PPCs or tables as appropriate) absolute and comparative advantage.

  • MKT-1.A.1 Absolute advantage describes a situation in which an individual, business, or country can produce more of a good or service than any other producer with the same quantity of resources.
  • MKT-1.A.2 Comparative advantage describes a situation in which an individual, business, or country can produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another producer.

MKT-1.B
a. Explain (using data from PPCs or tables as appropriate) how specialization according to comparative advantage with appropriate terms of trade can lead to gains from trade.
b. Calculate (using data from PPCs or tables as appropriate) mutually beneficial terms of trade.

  • MKT-1.B.1 Production specialization according to comparative advantage results in exchange opportunities that lead to consumption opportunities beyond the PPC.
  • MKT-1.B.2 Comparative advantage and opportunity costs determine the terms of trade for exchange under which mutually beneficial trade can occur.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

一个生产者在一种物品上有一个绝对优势(absolute advantage),若它能制造更多它。它有一个比较优势(comparative advantage),若它有更低的机会成本。国家应当专门于它们的比较优势物品并交易——若贸易条件(terms of trade)位于两个机会成本之间,两者都获益。贸易让一个国家消费超过它自己的 PPC。

Worked example. 国家 A 每天能制造 $10$ 小麦或 $5$ 布;国家 B 能制造 $8$ 小麦或 $8$ 布。对 A,一布值 $\tfrac{10}{5}=2$ 小麦;对 B 它值 $\tfrac{8}{8}=1$ 小麦。B 的布的机会成本更低,所以 B 专门于布。检查小麦:A 每小麦放弃 $0.5$ 布而 B 放弃 $1$,所以 A 专门于小麦。以两个成本之间的任何比率交易,两者都消费超过它们自己的 PPC。

比较优势来自斜率不同的生产可能性曲线
比较优势来自斜率不同的生产可能性曲线
Container shipping: comparative advantage and trade let countries specialise and gain
Container shipping: comparative advantage and trade let countries specialise and gain
探索

See the gains from specialization and trade

A country should specialize where its opportunity cost is lowest, then trade for the rest. Because the terms of trade sit between the two countries' costs, each can consume beyond its own production frontier.

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
absolute advantage 绝对优势 jué duì yōu shì
comparative advantage 比较优势 bǐ jiào yōu shì
terms of trade 贸易条件 mào yì tiáo jiàn
练习卷
1.4

需求
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

MKT-2
In a competitive market, demand for and supply of a good or service determine the equilibrium price.

MKT-2.A
a. Define (using graphs as appropriate) the law of demand.
b. Explain (using graphs as appropriate) the relationship between the price of a good or service and the quantity demanded.

  • MKT-2.A.1 The law of demand states there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded, leading to a downward-sloping demand curve.

MKT-2.B
Explain (using graphs as appropriate) the determinants of demand.

  • MKT-2.B.1 Factors that influence consumer demand, such as changes in consumer income, cause the market demand curve to shift.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

需求(demand)把价格与买者会买的数量关联。需求定律(law of demand)使曲线向下倾斜。物品自身价格的一个变化是沿曲线的一个移动;决定因素(收入、偏好、替代品(substitutes)和互补品(complements)的价格、买者数量、预期)移动整条曲线。

需求曲线向下倾斜;收入、偏好和相关价格移动它
需求曲线向下倾斜;收入、偏好和相关价格移动它
需求定律使曲线向下倾斜;一个决定因素移动整条曲线
需求定律使曲线向下倾斜;一个决定因素移动整条曲线
探索

Explore demand — move along vs shift the curve

A change in the own price moves you along a fixed curve (a change in quantity demanded); a determinant like income or tastes shifts the whole curve ($D_1 \to D_2$) — a change in demand.

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
Demand 需求 xū qiú
law of demand 需求定律 xū qiú dìng lǜ
substitutes 替代品 tì dài pǐn
complements 互补品 hù bǔ pǐn
练习卷
1.5

供给
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

MKT-2
In a competitive market, demand for and supply of a good or service determine the equilibrium price.

MKT-2.C
a. Define (using graphs as appropriate) the law of supply.
b. Explain (using graphs as appropriate) the relationship between the price of a good or service and the quantity supplied.

  • MKT-2.C.1 The law of supply states there is a positive relationship between price and quantity supplied, leading to an upward-sloping supply curve.

MKT-2.D
Explain (using graphs as appropriate) the determinants of supply.

  • MKT-2.D.1 Factors that influence producer supply, such as changes in input prices, cause the market supply curve to shift.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

供给(supply)把价格与卖者会提供的数量关联;供给定律(law of supply)使它向上倾斜。它的决定因素——投入价格、技术、税收和补贴(subsidies)、卖者数量、预期——移动曲线,而物品自身价格沿它移动。

供给曲线向上倾斜;成本、技术、税和补贴移动它
供给曲线向上倾斜;成本、技术、税和补贴移动它
探索

Explore what moves the supply curve

Supply slopes up: a higher price makes selling more worthwhile. A change in costs, technology or the number of sellers shifts the whole curve — not a move along it. Drag the supply line and watch price and quantity respond.

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
Supply 供给 gōng jǐ
law of supply 供给定律 gōng jǐ dìng lǜ
subsidies 补贴 bǔ tiē
练习卷
1.6

市场均衡、失衡与均衡的变动
大纲
Enduring UnderstandingLearning ObjectiveEssential Knowledge

MKT-2
In a competitive market, demand for and supply of a good or service determine the equilibrium price.

MKT-2.E
Define (using graphs as appropriate) market equilibrium.

  • MKT-2.E.1 Equilibrium is achieved at the price at which quantities demanded and supplied are equal.

MKT-2.F
a. Define a surplus and shortage.
b. Explain (using graphs as appropriate) how prices adjust to restore equilibrium in markets that are experiencing imbalances.
c. Calculate (using graphs as appropriate) the surplus or shortage in the market experience an imbalance.

  • MKT-2.F.1 Whenever markets experience imbalances—creating disequilibrium prices, surpluses, and shortages—market forces drive prices toward equilibrium.

MKT-2.G
Explain (using graphs as appropriate) how changes in demand and supply affect equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity.

  • MKT-2.G.1 Changes in the determinants of supply and/or demand result in a new equilibrium price and quantity.

来源:美国大学理事会 AP 课程与考试说明

供求：需求右移使价与量上升

均衡(equilibrium)是供给遇到需求的地方,使市场出清。均衡价格之上一个过剩(surplus)把价格推低;它之下一个短缺(shortage)把价格推高。当一个决定因素移动一条曲线时,价格和数量可预测地移动;当两者都移动时,它们之一是不确定的(indeterminate)。

Worked example. 一项新技术降低生产者的成本,使供给右移。沿不变的需求曲线,均衡价格下降而均衡数量上升。若相反收入的一次上升同时使需求右移,数量明显上升但对价格的效应取决于哪个移动更大——"两者都移动"的不确定情况。

需求遇到供给处的均衡价格和数量
需求遇到供给处的均衡价格和数量

考试技能: 宏观建立在这些微观工具上——你必须正确地画和移动供求和 PPC 图,因为同样的移动逻辑驱动课程后面的总量(整个经济)模型。

市场均衡坐在供给遇到需求的地方;离开它是过剩和短缺
市场均衡坐在供给遇到需求的地方;离开它是过剩和短缺
探索

Explore market equilibrium, surplus and shortage

The market clears where supply meets demand. Shift a curve and watch the crossing move — a rightward demand shift raises both price and quantity; away from equilibrium a surplus or shortage pushes the price back.

词汇表 训练
英文 中文 拼音
Equilibrium 均衡 jūn héng
surplus 过剩 guò shèng
shortage 短缺 duǎn quē
练习卷
1.6

考试技巧
  • 机会成本是你放弃的——从一条 PPC 读它作为斜率;一条向外凸的 PPC 显示增加的机会成本。
  • 比较优势(更低的机会成本),不是绝对优势,决定谁应当专门化并交易。
  • PPC 里面的点是低效的、外面不可达;更多资源/技术使它向外移动(增长)。
  • 把沿一条需求/供给曲线的一个移动(movement along)(自身价格)与一个移动(shift)(一个决定因素)区分开。
  • 这些微观工具驱动后面的总量模型——在正确的方向画和移动正确的曲线。

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