Populations · ⁨ประชากร⁩

Enduring Understanding (ERT-3): Populations change over time in reaction to a variety of factors.

Learning Objective ERT-3.A: Identify differences between generalist and specialist species.

• ERT-3.A.1 Specialist species tend to be advantaged in habitats that remain constant, while generalist species tend to be advantaged in habitats that are changing.

Enduring Understanding (ERT-3): Populations change over time in reaction to a variety of factors.

Learning Objective ERT-3.C: Explain survivorship curves.

• ERT-3.C.1 A survivorship curve is a line that displays the relative survival rates of a cohort—a group of individuals of the same age—in a population, from birth to the maximum age reached by any one cohort member. There are Type I, Type II, and Type III curves.
• ERT-3.C.2 Survivorship curves differ for K-selected and r-selected species, with K-selected species typically following a Type I or Type II curve and r-selected species following a Type III curve.

Enduring Understanding (ERT-3): Populations change over time in reaction to a variety of factors.

Learning Objective ERT-3.D: Describe carrying capacity.

• ERT-3.D.1 When a population exceeds its carrying capacity (carrying capacity can be denoted as K), overshoot occurs. There are environmental impacts of population overshoot, including resource depletion.

Learning Objective ERT-3.E: Describe the impact of carrying capacity on ecosystems.

• ERT-3.E.1 A major ecological effect of population overshoot is dieback of the population (often severe to catastrophic) because the lack of available resources leads to famine, disease, and/or conflict.

Enduring Understanding (EIN-1): Human populations change in reaction to a variety of factors, including social and cultural factors.

Learning Objective EIN-1.A: Explain age structure diagrams.

• EIN-1.A.1 Population growth rates can be interpreted from age structure diagrams by the shape of the structure.
• EIN-1.A.2 A rapidly growing population will, as a rule, have a higher proportion of younger people compared to stable or declining populations.

Enduring Understanding (EIN-1): Human populations change in reaction to a variety of factors, including social and cultural factors.

Learning Objective EIN-1.B: Explain factors that affect total fertility rate in human populations.

• EIN-1.B.1 Total fertility rate (TFR) is affected by the age at which females have their first child, educational opportunities for females, access to family planning, and government acts and policies.
• EIN-1.B.2 If fertility rate is at replacement levels, a population is considered relatively stable.
• EIN-1.B.3 Factors associated with infant mortality rates include whether mothers have access to good healthcare and nutrition. Changes in these factors can lead to changes in infant mortality rates over time.

Enduring Understanding (EIN-1): Human populations change in reaction to a variety of factors, including social and cultural factors.

Learning Objective EIN-1.C.1: Explain how human populations experience growth and decline.

• EIN-1.C.1 Birth rates, infant mortality rates, and overall death rates, access to family planning, access to good nutrition, access to education, and postponement of marriage all affect whether a human population is growing or declining.
• EIN-1.C.2 Factors limiting global human population include the Earth's carrying capacity and the basic factors that limit human population growth as set forth by Malthusian theory.
• EIN-1.C.3 Population growth can be affected by both density-independent factors, such as major storms, fires, heat waves, or droughts, and density-dependent factors, such as access to clean water and air, food availability, disease transmission, or territory size.
• EIN-1.C.4 The rule of 70 states that dividing the number 70 by the percentage population growth rate approximates the population's doubling time.

Enduring Understanding (EIN-1): Human populations change in reaction to a variety of factors, including social and cultural factors.

Learning Objective EIN-1.D: Define the demographic transition.

• EIN-1.D.1 The demographic transition refers to the transition from high to lower birth and death rates in a country or region as development occurs and that country moves from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. This transition is typically demonstrated through a four-stage demographic transition model (DTM).
• EIN-1.D.2 Characteristics of developing countries include higher infant mortality rates and more children in the workforce than developed countries.