1.1 Developments in East Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450

Thematic Focus (GOV): Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Thematic Focus (CDI): Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

Learning Objective Unit 1.A: Explain the systems of government employed by Chinese dynasties and how they developed over time.

• KC-3.2.I.A Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.

Learning Objective Unit 1.B: Explain the effects of Chinese cultural traditions on East Asia over time. THEMATIC FOCUS Economics Systems ECN As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

• KC-3.1.III.D.i Chinese cultural traditions continued, and they influenced neighboring regions.
• KC-3.1.III.D.ii Buddhism and its core beliefs continued to shape societies in Asia and included a variety of branches, schools, and practices. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Learning Objective Unit 1.C: Explain the effects of innovation on the Chinese economy over time.

• KC-3.3.III.A.i The economy of Song China became increasingly commercialized while continuing to depend on free peasant and artisanal labor.
• KC-3.1.I.D The economy of Song China flourished as a result of increased productive capacity, expanding trade networks, and innovations in agriculture and manufacturing.

Illustrative examples:

• Cultural traditions:
  • Filial piety in East Asia
  • Influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia
  • Confucian traditions of both respect for and expected deference from women
  • Chinese literary and scholarly traditions and their spread to Heian Japan and Korea
• Branches of Buddhism:
  • Theravada
  • Mahayana
  • Tibetan
• Technological innovations:
  • Champa rice
  • Transportation innovations, like the Grand Canal expansion
  • Steel and iron production
  • Textiles and porcelains for export

1.1 Developments in East Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450

Thematic Focus (GOV): Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Thematic Focus (CDI): Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

Learning Objective Unit 1.A: Explain the systems of government employed by Chinese dynasties and how they developed over time.

• KC-3.2.I.A Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.

Learning Objective Unit 1.B: Explain the effects of Chinese cultural traditions on East Asia over time. THEMATIC FOCUS Economics Systems ECN As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

• KC-3.1.III.D.i Chinese cultural traditions continued, and they influenced neighboring regions.
• KC-3.1.III.D.ii Buddhism and its core beliefs continued to shape societies in Asia and included a variety of branches, schools, and practices. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Learning Objective Unit 1.C: Explain the effects of innovation on the Chinese economy over time.

• KC-3.3.III.A.i The economy of Song China became increasingly commercialized while continuing to depend on free peasant and artisanal labor.
• KC-3.1.I.D The economy of Song China flourished as a result of increased productive capacity, expanding trade networks, and innovations in agriculture and manufacturing.

Illustrative examples:

• Cultural traditions:
  • Filial piety in East Asia
  • Influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia
  • Confucian traditions of both respect for and expected deference from women
  • Chinese literary and scholarly traditions and their spread to Heian Japan and Korea
• Branches of Buddhism:
  • Theravada
  • Mahayana
  • Tibetan
• Technological innovations:
  • Champa rice
  • Transportation innovations, like the Grand Canal expansion
  • Steel and iron production
  • Textiles and porcelains for export

1.2 Developments in Dar al-Islam from c. 1200 to c. 1450

Thematic Focus (CDI): Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

Learning Objective Unit 1.D: Explain how systems of belief and their practices affected society in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450. THEMATIC FOCUS Governance GOV A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

• KC-3.1.III.D.iii Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Africa and Asia. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Learning Objective Unit 1.E: Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time.

• KC-3.2.I As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity.
• KC-3.1.III.A Muslim rule continued to expand to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Learning Objective Unit 1.F: Explain the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam.

• KC-3.2.II.A.i Muslim states and empires encouraged significant intellectual innovations and transfers.

Illustrative examples:

• New Islamic political entities:
  • Seljuk Empire
  • Mamluk sultanate of Egypt
  • Delhi sultanates (CONT’D) Innovations:
  • Advances in mathematics (Nasir al-Din al-Tusi)
  • Advances in literature ('A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah)
  • Advances in medicine Transfers:
  • Preservation and commentaries on Greek moral and natural philosophy
  • House of Wisdom in Abbasid Bagdad
  • Scholarly and cultural transfers in Muslim and Christian Spain

1.3 Developments in South and Southeast Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450

Thematic Focus (CDI): Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

Learning Objective Unit 1.G: Explain how the various belief systems and practices of South and Southeast Asia affected society over time. THEMATIC FOCUS Governance GOV A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

• KC-3.1.III.D.iv Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism, and their core beliefs and practices, continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Learning Objective Unit 1.H: Explain how and why various states of South and Southeast Asia developed and maintained power over time.

• KC-3.2.I.B.i State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.

Illustrative examples:

• Beliefs and practices:
  • Bhakti movement
  • Sufism
  • Buddhist monasticism
• Hindu/Buddhist states:
  • Vijayanagara Empire
  • Srivijaya Empire
  • Rajput kingdoms
  • Khmer Empire
  • Majapahit
  • Sukhothai kingdom
  • Sinhala dynasties

1.4 State Building in the Americas

Thematic Focus (GOV): Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Learning Objective Unit 1.I: Explain how and why states in the Americas developed and changed over time.

• KC-3.2.I.D.i In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach.

Illustrative examples:

• State systems in the Americas:
  • Maya city-states
  • Mexica
  • Inca
  • Chaco
  • Mesa Verde
  • Cahokia

1.5 State Building in Africa

Thematic Focus (GOV): Governance — A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

Learning Objective Unit 1.J: Explain how and why states in Africa developed and changed over time.

• KC-3.2.I.D.ii In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity and expanded in scope and reach.

Illustrative examples:

• State systems in Africa:
  • Great Zimbabwe
  • Ethiopia
  • Hausa kingdoms

1.6 Developments in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450

Thematic Focus (CDI): Cultural Developments and Interactions — The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

Thematic Focus (SIO): Social Interactions and Organization — The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.

Learning Objective Unit 1.K: Explain how the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions in Europe affected European society. THEMATIC FOCUS Governance GOV A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

• KC-3.1.III.D.v Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Europe. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Learning Objective Unit 1.L: Explain the causes and consequences of political decentralization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

• KC-3.2.I.B.ii Europe was politically fragmented and characterized by decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system.

Learning Objective Unit 1.M: Explain the effects of agriculture on social organization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

• KC-3.3.III.C Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on free and coerced labor, including serfdom.

1.7 Comparison in the Period from c. 1200 to c. 1450

Learning Objective Unit 1.N: Explain the similarities and differences in the processes of state formation from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

• KC-3.2 State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in various regions.
  • KC-3.2.I As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity.
  • KC-3.2.I.A Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.
  • KC-3.2.I.B.i State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.
  • KC-3.2.I.D.i In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach.
  • KC-3.2.I.D.ii In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach.