5.1 Contextualizing 18th-Century States

Learning Objective Unit 5.A: Explain the context in which the European states experienced crisis and conflict from 1648 to 1815.

• KC-2.1 Different models of political sovereignty affected the relationship among states and between states and individuals.
  • KC-2.1.IV The French Revolution posed a fundamental challenge to Europe’s existing political and social order.
  • KC-2.1.V Claiming to defend the ideals of the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte imposed French control over much of the European continent, which eventually provoked a nationalistic reaction.
• KC-2.2 The expansion of European commerce accelerated the growth of a worldwide economic network.
  • KC-2.2.III Commercial rivalries influenced diplomacy and warfare among European states in the early modern era.
• KC-2.3 The spread of Scientific Revolution concepts and practices and the Enlightenment’s application of these concepts and practices to political, social, and ethical issues led to an increased but not unchallenged emphasis on reason in European culture.
  • KC-2.3.VI While Enlightenment values dominated the world of European ideas and culture, they were challenged by the revival of public expression of emotions and feeling.
  • KC-2.3.VI.D Revolution, war and rebellion demonstrated the emotional power of mass politics and nationalism.

5.3 Britain’s Ascendency

Thematic Focus (SOP): States and Other Institutions of Power — European states and nations developed governmental and civil institutions from 1450 to the present to organize society and consolidate political power, with a variety of social, cultural, and economic effects.

Learning Objective Unit 5.C: Explain the economic and political consequences of the rivalry between Britain and France from 1648 to 1815.

• KC-2.1.III.D Rivalry between Britain and France resulted in world wars fought both in Europe and in the colonies, with Britain supplanting France as the greatest European power.

Illustrative examples:

• Conflict between the French and the British: §Bullet Seven Years’ War §Bullet American Revolution

5.4 The French Revolution

Thematic Focus (SOP): States and Other Institutions of Power — European states and nations developed governmental and civil institutions from 1450 to the present to organize society and consolidate political power, with a variety of social, cultural, and economic effects.

Learning Objective Unit 5.D: Explain the causes, events, and consequences of the French Revolution.

• KC-2.1.IV.A The French Revolution resulted from a combination of long-term social and political causes, as well as Enlightenment ideas, exacerbated by short-term fiscal and economic crises.
• KC-2.1.IV.B The first, or liberal, phase of the French Revolution established a constitutional monarchy, increased popular participation, nationalized the Catholic Church, and abolished hereditary privileges.
• KC-2.1.IV.C After the execution of Louis XVI, the radical Jacobin republic led by Robespierre responded to opposition at home and war abroad by instituting the Reign of Terror, fixing prices and wages, and pursuing a policy of de-Christianization.
• KC-2.1.IV.D Revolutionary armies, raised by mass conscription, sought to bring the changes initiated in France to the rest of Europe.
• KC-2.1.IV.E Women enthusiastically participated in the early phases of the revolution; however, while there were brief improvements in the legal status of women, citizenship in the republic was soon restricted to men.

Illustrative examples:

• Causes of the French Revolution: §Bullet Peasant and bourgeois grievances §Bullet Bread shortages §Bullet French involvement in American Revolution Actions taken during the moderate phase of the French Revolution: §Bullet Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen §Bullet Civil Constitution of the Clergy §Bullet Constitution of 1791 §Bullet Abolition of provinces and division of France into departments Radical Jacobin leaders and institutions: §Bullet Georges Danton §Bullet Jean-Paul Marat §Bullet Committee of Public Safety Mass conscription: §Bullet Levée en masse Female involvement in the revolution: §Bullet October March on Versailles §Bullet Olympe de Gouges §Bullet Society of Republican Revolutionary Women

5.5 The French Revolution’s Effects

Thematic Focus (SCD): Social Organization and Development — Economic, political, and cultural factors have influenced the form and status of family, class, and social groups in European history, which has, in turn, affected both the individual and society.

Learning Objective Unit 5.E: Explain how the events and developments of the French Revolution influenced political and social ideas from 1648 to 1815.

• KC-2.1.IV.F Revolutionary ideals inspired a revolt of enslaved people led by Toussaint L’Ouverture in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which became the independent nation of Haiti in 1804.
• KC-2.1.IV.G While many were inspired by the revolution’s emphasis on equality and human rights, others condemned its violence and disregard for traditional authority.

Illustrative examples:

• Opponents of the revolution: §Bullet Edmund Burke

5.6 Napoleon’s Rise, Dominance, and Defeat

Thematic Focus (SOP): States and Other Institutions of Power — European states and nations developed governmental and civil institutions from 1450 to the present to organize society and consolidate political power, with a variety of social, cultural, and economic effects.

Learning Objective Unit 5.F: Explain the effects of Napoleon’s rule on European social, economic, and political life. THEMATIC FOCUS National and European Identity NEI Definitions and perceptions of regional, cultural, national, and European identity have developed and been challenged over time, with varied and often profound effects on the political, social, and cultural order in Europe. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

• KC-2.1.V.A As first consul and emperor, Napoleon undertook a number of enduring domestic reforms while often curtailing some rights and manipulating popular impulses behind a façade of representative institutions.
• KC-2.1.V.B Napoleon’s new military tactics allowed him to exert direct or indirect control over much of the European continent, spreading the ideals of the French Revolution across Europe. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Learning Objective Unit 5.G: Explain the nationalist responses to Napoleon’s rule in Europe.

• KC-2.1.V.C Napoleon’s expanding empire created nationalist responses throughout Europe.

Illustrative examples:

• Reforms under Napoleon: §Bullet Careers open to talent §Bullet Educational system §Bullet Centralized bureaucracy §Bullet Civil Code §Bullet Concordat of 1801 Curtailment of rights under Napoleon: §Bullet Secret police §Bullet Censorship §Bullet Limitation of women’s rights Nationalist responses to Napoleon: §Bullet Student protest in German states §Bullet Guerilla war in Spain §Bullet Russian scorched earth policy

5.7 The Congress of Vienna

Thematic Focus (SOP): States and Other Institutions of Power — European states and nations developed governmental and civil institutions from 1450 to the present to organize society and consolidate political power, with a variety of social, cultural, and economic effects.

Learning Objective Unit 5.H: Explain how states responded to Napoleonic rule in Europe and the consequences of the response.

• KC-2.1.V.D After the defeat of Napoleon by a coalition of European powers, the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) attempted to restore the balance of power in Europe and contain the danger of revolutionary or nationalistic upheavals in the future.

5.8 Romanticism

Thematic Focus (CID): Cultural and Intellectual Developments — The creation and transmission of knowledge, including the relationship between traditional sources of authority and the development of differing world views, had significant political, intellectual, economic, cultural, and social effects on European and world societies.

Learning Objective Unit 5.I: Explain how and why the Romantic Movement and religious revival challenged Enlightenment thought from 1648 to 1815.

• KC-2.3.VI.A Rousseau questioned the exclusive reliance on reason and emphasized the role of emotions in the moral improvement of self and society.
• KC-2.3.VI.B Romanticism emerged as a challenge to Enlightenment rationality.
• KC-2.3.VI.C Consistent with the Romantic Movement, religious revival occurred in Europe and included notable movements such as Methodism, founded by John Wesley.
• KC-2.3.VI.D Revolution, war, and rebellion demonstrated the emotional power of mass politics and nationalism.

5.9 Continuity and Change in 18th-Century States

Learning Objective Unit 5.J: Explain how the developments and challenges to the political order resulted in change in the period from 1648 to 1815.

• KC-2.1 Different models of political sovereignty affected the relationship among states and between states and individuals.
  • KC-2.1.IV The French Revolution posed a fundamental challenge to Europe’s existing political and social order.
  • KC-2.1.V Claiming to defend the ideals of the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte imposed French control over much of the European continent, which eventually provoked a nationalistic reaction.
• KC-2.2 The expansion of European commerce accelerated the growth of a worldwide economic network.
  • KC-2.2.III Commercial rivalries influenced diplomacy and warfare among European states in the early modern era.
• KC-2.3 The spread of Scientific Revolution concepts and practices and the Enlightenment’s application of these concepts and practices to political, social, and ethical issues led to an increased but not unchallenged emphasis on reason in European culture.
  • KC-2.3.VI While Enlightenment values dominated the world of European ideas and culture, they were challenged by the revival of public expression of emotions and feeling.
  • KC-2.3.VI.D Revolution, war and rebellion demonstrated the emotional power of mass politics and nationalism.