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16.1
Alcohols · แอลกอฮอล์
Syllabus · หลักสูตร
English
recall the reactions (reagents and conditions) by which alcohols can be produced: (a) electrophilic addition of steam to an alkene, $\text{H}_2\text{O(g)}$ and $\text{H}_3\text{PO}_4$ catalyst (b) reaction of alkenes with cold dilute acidified potassium manganate(VII) to form a diol (c) substitution of a halogenoalkane using $\text{NaOH(aq)}$ and heat (d) reduction of an aldehyde or ketone using $\text{NaBH}_4$ or $\text{LiAlH}_4$ (e) reduction of a carboxylic acid using $\text{LiAlH}_4$ (f) hydrolysis of an ester using dilute acid or dilute alkali and heat
describe: (a) the reaction with oxygen (combustion) (b) substitution to form halogenoalkanes, e.g. by reaction with $\text{HX(g)}$; or with $\text{KCl}$ and concentrated $\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4$ or concentrated $\text{H}_3\text{PO}_4$; or with $\text{PCl}_3$ and heat; or with $\text{PCl}_5$; or with $\text{SOCl}_2$ (c) the reaction with $\text{Na(s)}$ (d) oxidation with acidified $\text{K}_2\text{Cr}_2\text{O}_7$ or acidified $\text{KMnO}_4$ to: (i) carbonyl compounds by distillation (ii) carboxylic acids by refluxing (primary alcohols give aldehydes which can be further oxidised to carboxylic acids, secondary alcohols give ketones, tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised) (e) dehydration to an alkene, by using a heated catalyst, e.g. $\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3$ or a concentrated acid (f) formation of esters by reaction with carboxylic acids and concentrated $\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4$ as catalyst as exemplified by ethanol
(a) classify alcohols as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, to include examples with more than one alcohol group (b) state characteristic distinguishing reactions, e.g. mild oxidation with acidified $\text{K}_2\text{Cr}_2\text{O}_7$, colour change from orange to green
deduce the presence of a $\text{CH}_3\text{CH(OH)}-$ group in an alcohol, $\text{CH}_3\text{CH(OH)}-\text{R}$, from its reaction with alkaline $\text{I}_2\text{(aq)}$ to form a yellow precipitate of tri-iodomethane and an ion, $\text{RCO}_2^-$
explain the acidity of alcohols compared with water
combustion: alcohols burn in oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water.
substitution to a halogenoalkane, for example with $\text{HX}$, $\text{PCl}_5$, $\text{PCl}_3$ and heat, or $\text{SOCl}_2$.
with sodium: alcohols react with sodium metal to give hydrogen and a sodium alkoxide — like water, but more slowly.
oxidation 氧化 with acidified $\text{K}_2\text{Cr}_2\text{O}_7$ (or $\text{KMnO}_4$). The product depends on the class of alcohol (see below).
dehydration 脱水 to an alkene, using a hot $\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3$ catalyst or concentrated acid.
ester formation: an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid (with concentrated $\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4$ catalyst) to make an ester.
Three classes and how oxidation tells them apart
An alcohol is primary 伯, secondary 仲 or tertiary 叔, depending on how many carbons are joined to the carbon holding the $\text{–OH}$. Some molecules have more than one $\text{–OH}$ group.
Class
Oxidation product
primary
aldehyde (by distillation 蒸馏), then carboxylic acid (by reflux 回流)
secondary
a ketone
tertiary
not oxidised
In a quick test, acidified $\text{K}_2\text{Cr}_2\text{O}_7$ turns from orange to green with a primary or secondary alcohol, but stays orange with a tertiary alcohol.
distillation removes the aldehyde as it forms, before it can be oxidised further.
reflux keeps boiling the mixture and returning the vapour, so the alcohol is fully oxidised to the carboxylic acid.
The iodoform test
If you warm an alcohol that contains the $\text{CH}_3\text{CH(OH)}-$ group with alkaline aqueous iodine, you get a pale yellow precipitate of tri-iodomethane 三碘甲烷 ($\text{CHI}_3$) and the ion $\text{RCO}_2^-$. This is a useful test for that group.
Acidity of alcohols
The $\text{–OH}$ group makes alcohols very weakly acidic: they can lose the $\text{H}^+$ to form an $\text{RO}^-$ ion. But their acidity 酸性 is lower than that of water. This is because the alkyl group pushes electron density onto the oxygen, which makes the $\text{RO}^-$ ion less stable, so the alcohol holds onto its $\text{H}^+$ more tightly.
Worked example. Three unlabelled bottles hold butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol and 2-methylpropan-2-ol. How does warming each with acidified $\text{K}_2\text{Cr}_2\text{O}_7$ tell them apart? What matters is how many hydrogens sit on the carbon carrying the $\text{OH}$. Butan-1-ol is primary (two such hydrogens): the orange dichromate turns green, and by distilling you collect an aldehyde (butanal), or by refluxing you get the carboxylic acid (butanoic acid). Butan-2-ol is secondary (one such hydrogen): also green, but the product is a ketone (butanone), which will not oxidise further. 2-methylpropan-2-ol is tertiary (no such hydrogen): there is nothing to remove, so the dichromate stays orange. The colour only separates the tertiary from the other two - to split primary from secondary you must identify the product (an aldehyde gives a silver mirror with Tollens', a ketone does not).
ไทย
แอลกอฮอล์มี $\text{–OH}$ (hydroxyl) เป็น functional group
หากคุณอุ่นแอลกอฮอล์ที่มี $\text{CH}_3\text{CH(OH)}-$ group กับไอโอดินในน้ำ碱性 คุณจะได้ precipitate สีเหลืองอ่อนของ tri-iodomethane ($\text{CHI}_3$) และ ion $\text{RCO}_2^-$. นี่คือ useful test สำหรับ group นั้น
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