6.4.A
Describe the behavior of a system using conservation of angular momentum.
6.4.A.1 The total angular momentum of a system about a rotational axis is the sum of the angular momenta of the system's constituent parts about that rotational axis.
6.4.A.2 Any change to a system's angular momentum must be due to an interaction between the system and its surroundings.
6.4.A.2.i The angular impulse exerted by one object or system on a second object or system is equal and opposite to the angular impulse exerted by the second object or system on the first. This is a direct result of Newton's third law.
6.4.A.2.ii A system may be selected so that the total angular momentum of that system is constant.
6.4.A.2.iii The angular speed of a nonrigid system may change without the angular momentum of the system changing if the system changes shape by moving mass closer to or farther from the rotational axis.
6.4.A.2.iv If the total angular momentum of a system changes, that change will be equivalent to the angular impulse exerted on the system.
6.4.B
Describe how the selection of a system determines whether the angular momentum of that system changes.
6.4.B.1 Angular momentum is conserved in all interactions.
6.4.B.2 If the net external torque exerted on a selected object or rigid system is zero, the total angular momentum of that system is constant.
6.4.B.3 If the net external torque exerted on a selected object or rigid system is nonzero, angular momentum is transferred between the system and the environment.
出典: College Board AP コースおよび試験説明書
角动量:收拢手臂,转速加快
当 净外力矩为零 时,总角动量 守恒 :
$$L_{\text{before}}=L_{\text{after}},\qquad I_1\omega_1=I_2\omega_2\ \text{(one rigid body reshaping)}.$$
** worked example (rotational collision).** $0.020\ \text{kg}$ の弾丸が $300\ \text{m/s}$ の速さで、支点に吊るされた均質棒($M=1.5\ \text{kg}$、長さ $l=0.60\ \text{m}$)の先端に命中し、埋没します。支点に関する torque については、衝突中に重力と支点力が torque を及ぼさないため、$L$ は保存されます:$L=mvl=0.020(300)(0.60)=3.6\ \text{kg}\cdot\text{m}^2/\text{s}$。その後、$I=\tfrac13Ml^2+ml^2=0.18+0.0072=0.187\ \text{kg}\cdot\text{m}^2$ となるので、$\omega=\dfrac{3.6}{0.187}\approx19\ \text{rad/s}$ です。(線形運動量monmentum* here – the pivot pushes on the rod – and kinetic energy certainly is not: check both before claiming them.)