English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in · 英語ナレーション・英語＋中文字幕 burning-in
33.1
Carboxylic acids · カルボン酸
Syllabus · シラバス
English
recall the reaction by which benzoic acid can be produced: (a) reaction of an alkylbenzene with hot alkaline $\text{KMnO}_4$ and then dilute acid, exemplified by methylbenzene
describe the reaction of carboxylic acids with $\text{PCl}_3$ and heat, $\text{PCl}_5$ or $\text{SOCl}_2$ to form acyl chlorides
recognise that some carboxylic acids can be further oxidised: (a) the oxidation of methanoic acid, $\text{HCOOH}$, with Fehling’s reagent or Tollens’ reagent or acidified $\text{KMnO}_4$ or acidified $\text{K}_2\text{Cr}_2\text{O}_7$ to carbon dioxide and water (b) the oxidation of ethanedioic acid, $\text{HOOCCOOH}$, with warm acidified $\text{KMnO}_4$ to carbon dioxide
describe and explain the relative acidities of carboxylic acids, phenols and alcohols
describe and explain the relative acidities of chlorine-substituted carboxylic acids
Source: Cambridge International syllabus · 出典: Cambridge International シラバス
English
Making and reacting
an alkylbenzene 烷基苯 (such as methylbenzene) is oxidised by hot alkaline $\text{KMnO}_4$, then dilute acid, to give benzoic acid 苯甲酸. The whole side-chain becomes a $\text{–COOH}$ group.
a carboxylic acid reacts with $\text{PCl}_3$ and heat, $\text{PCl}_5$, or $\text{SOCl}_2$ to form an acyl chloride 酰氯.
Acids that can be oxidised further
Two carboxylic acids 羧酸 are special because they can still be oxidised:
methanoic acid ($\text{HCOOH}$) is oxidised by Fehling's or Tollens' reagent, or acidified $\text{KMnO}_4$ / $\text{K}_2\text{Cr}_2\text{O}_7$, to carbon dioxide and water.
ethanedioic acid ($\text{HOOCCOOH}$) is oxidised by warm acidified $\text{KMnO}_4$ to carbon dioxide.
A carboxylic acid is the strongest because, when it loses $\text{H}^+$, the negative charge is spread over two oxygen atoms, making the ion very stable. In a phenol 苯酚 the charge spreads only into the ring, and in an alcohol 醇 (giving $\text{RO}^-$) it is not spread at all.
Chlorine atoms make a carboxylic acid more acidic. Chlorine is electron-withdrawing 吸电子: through the inductive effect 诱导效应 it pulls electron density away, helping to spread the negative charge and stabilise the ion. So more chlorine atoms (closer to the $\text{–COOH}$) give a stronger acid.
recall the reaction by which esters can be produced: (a) reaction of alcohols with acyl chlorides using the formation of ethyl ethanoate and phenyl benzoate as examples
Source: Cambridge International syllabus · 出典: Cambridge International シラバス
English
An alcohol (or phenol) reacts with an acyl chloride at room temperature to give an ester 酯 and $\text{HCl}$. Examples are ethyl ethanoate (from ethanol) and phenyl benzoate (from phenol).
Compare ester formation, hydrolysis and transesterification routes. · エステル形成、加水分解、トランスエステル化の経路を比較せよ。
33.3
Acyl chlorides · アシルクロリド
Syllabus · シラバス
English
recall the reactions (reagents and conditions) by which acyl chlorides can be produced: (a) reaction of carboxylic acids with $\text{PCl}_3$ and heat, $\text{PCl}_5$ or $\text{SOCl}_2$
describe the following reactions of acyl chlorides: (a) hydrolysis on addition of water at room temperature to give the carboxylic acid and $\text{HCl}$ (b) reaction with an alcohol at room temperature to produce an ester and $\text{HCl}$ (c) reaction with phenol at room temperature to produce an ester and $\text{HCl}$ (d) reaction with ammonia at room temperature to produce an amide and $\text{HCl}$ (e) reaction with a primary or secondary amine at room temperature to produce an amide and $\text{HCl}$
describe the addition–elimination mechanism of acyl chlorides in reactions in 33.3.2(a)–(e)
explain the relative ease of hydrolysis of acyl chlorides, alkyl chlorides and halogenoarenes (aryl chlorides)
Source: Cambridge International syllabus · 出典: Cambridge International シラバス
English
Acyl chlorides are made from carboxylic acids (with $\text{PCl}_3$, $\text{PCl}_5$ or $\text{SOCl}_2$). They are very reactive. At room temperature they react with:
Reactant
Product (plus $\text{HCl}$)
water
the carboxylic acid
an alcohol
an ester
phenol
an ester
ammonia 氨
an amide 酰胺
a primary or secondary amine 胺
an amide
The addition–elimination mechanism
All these reactions follow an addition–elimination 加成消去 mechanism: a nucleophile first adds to the slightly positive carbonyl carbon, then $\text{HCl}$ is eliminated.
Ease of hydrolysis
Compare how easily three chlorides react with water (hydrolysis 水解):
An acyl chloride reacts violently with cold water; an alkyl chloride reacts slowly; an aryl chloride (halogenoarene) does not react, because its C–Cl bond is strengthened by the ring.
Worked example. Ethanoyl chloride reacts violently with cold water, while ethyl ethanoate needs prolonged reflux with acid or alkali. Explain the difference. Both are attacked at the carbonyl carbon, so compare how open that carbon is to attack and how good the leaving group is. In ethanoyl chloride the chlorine is strongly electronegative and withdraws electrons, making the carbonyl carbon much more $\delta+$ and so far more open to a nucleophile; and $\text{Cl}^{-}$, the anion of a strong acid, is a good leaving group. In the ester the $\text{–OR}$ oxygen donates a lone pair into the carbonyl, reducing that $\delta+$ charge, and $\text{RO}^{-}$ is a poor leaving group. So the acyl chloride hydrolyses far more easily. Argue from both the $\delta+$ on the carbon and the leaving group: either one alone is usually only half the marks.
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