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Pearson Edexcel · International A-Level · Economics Chủ đề 5 5:23 Giọng đọc tiếng Anh · phụ đề tiếng Anh + 中文 được ghi trực tiếp
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This topic follows the firm: how businesses grow, what they aim for, how revenue and costs behave, and how the market structure, from perfect competition to monopoly, shapes prices and efficiency.
本主题跟随企业展开：企业如何成长、追求什么目标、收入和成本如何变化，以及从完全竞争到垄断的市场结构如何影响价格和效率。
Forward vertical integration buys a customer stage: a brewer buys pubs.
前向纵向一体化收购客户环节：酿酒商收购酒吧。
Backward vertical buys a supplier stage: a hop farm.
后向纵向一体化收购供应环节：啤酒花农场。
Horizontal buys a rival at the same stage.
横向一体化收购同一环节的竞争对手。
Conglomerate integration buys an unrelated business, to spread risk.
混合一体化收购无关业务，以分散风险。
Four constraints limit growth: the size of the market, access to finance, the owner's objectives, and regulation.
四个约束限制成长：市场规模、融资渠道、所有者的目标以及监管。
Firms stay small where markets are local, finance is thin or owners prefer control.
在市场局限于本地、融资有限或所有者更想保持控制的地方，企业保持小规模。
AR is the demand curve, and MR falls at twice its slope.
平均收益曲线就是需求曲线，边际收益以两倍的斜率下降。
At an output of 40 the price is 50.
产量为 40 时价格为 50。
Revenue peaks where MR is zero: an output of 70 at a price of 35.
边际收益为零时收入达到最大：产量 70，价格 35。
Profit maximisation instead sets MR equal to MC.
利润最大化则要求边际收益等于边际成本。
Fixed cost is 12.
固定成本为 12。
Total variable cost runs 5, 9, 12, 14, 17, 21, 26, 32, 39.
总可变成本依次为 5、9、12、14、17、21、26、32、39。
The differences give marginal cost: 5, 4, 3, 2, then 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
差额就是边际成本：5、4、3、2，然后 3、4、5、6、7。
It falls with specialisation, then rises as diminishing returns bite.
它先因专业化而下降，然后随着收益递减而上升。
MC falls then rises, cutting each average curve at its minimum: AVC at 3.4 at an output of 5, and ATC at 5.43 at 7.
边际成本先降后升，穿过每条平均成本曲线的最低点：平均可变成本在产量 5 时最低为 3.4，平均总成本在产量 7 时最低为 5.43。
In the short run the firm shuts down only if price falls below minimum AVC, 3.4.
短期内，只有价格低于平均可变成本最低点 3.4 时，企业才停产。
Between 3.4 and 5.43 it trades at a loss, because fixed costs are sunk.
价格在 3.4 和 5.43 之间时，它亏损经营，因为固定成本已经沉没。
In the long run it leaves if price stays below minimum ATC, 5.43.
长期内，如果价格一直低于平均总成本最低点 5.43，它就退出。
The long-run average cost curve falls with internal economies of scale, flattens at the minimum efficient scale, and rises with diseconomies.
长期平均成本曲线因内部规模经济而下降，在最小有效规模处变平，又因规模不经济而上升。
Six internal economies: financial, technical, managerial, marketing, purchasing and risk-bearing.
六种内部规模经济：金融、技术、管理、营销、采购和风险承担。
Three external: skilled labour, transport links and shared knowledge.
三种外部规模经济：熟练劳动力、交通联系和共享知识。
Diseconomies come from communication, coordination and X-inefficiency.
规模不经济来自沟通、协调和 X 低效率。
Allocative efficiency is P equals MC.
配置效率是价格等于边际成本。
Productive efficiency is output at minimum ATC.
生产效率是在平均总成本最低点生产。
Dynamic efficiency is investment and innovation over time.
动态效率是长期的投资和创新。
X-inefficiency is cost drifting above the achievable minimum.
X 低效率是成本高于可达到的最低水平。
Shares of 40, 25, 15 and 10 make 90%: the four-firm concentration ratio.
份额 40、25、15 和 10 合计百分之 90，这就是四企业集中度。
The fifth firm holds the last 10%.
第五家企业占最后的百分之 10。
A high ratio flags market power.
集中度高意味着存在市场势力。
Perfect competition: many price takers with identical products; long-run price equals minimum ATC.
完全竞争：众多价格接受者，产品相同；长期价格等于平均总成本最低点。
Monopolistic competition: differentiated products; entry leaves normal profit with price above MC.
垄断竞争：产品有差异；进入使利润回到正常，但价格高于边际成本。
Oligopoly: a few interdependent firms behind barriers.
寡头垄断：少数相互依存的企业，有进入壁垒。
Monopoly: one seller.
垄断：只有一个卖家。
Each firm does better by defecting, whatever the rival does, so both end at the Nash equilibrium of 2 each, although colluding would give 4 each.
无论对手怎么做，每家企业背叛都更有利，所以双方最终处于纳什均衡，各得 2，尽管合谋可以各得 4。
That is why collusion is fragile.
这就是合谋不稳定的原因。
MR equals MC at an output of 40.
产量为 40 时边际收益等于边际成本。
Reading up to AR gives a price of 50.
向上读到平均收益曲线，价格为 50。
With ATC of 30, that is a profit of 800.
平均总成本为 30，利润为 800。
The competitive point is 60 at 40, so the monopoly leaves a deadweight loss of 200.
竞争性的点是产量 60、价格 40，所以垄断造成 200 的无谓损失。
Third-degree price discrimination needs market power, separable groups with different price elasticities, and no resale.
三级价格歧视需要市场势力、可分离且价格弹性不同的群体，以及无法转售。
A natural monopoly has falling average costs across the whole market, so one network is cheapest: regulate it rather than split it.
自然垄断在整个市场上平均成本递减，所以一个网络最便宜：应当监管，而不是拆分。
A monopsony is one buyer, which pushes the input price below the competitive level: the firm gains, workers lose.
买方垄断只有一个买家，它把投入品价格压到竞争水平以下：企业得益，工人受损。
A contestable market has cheap entry and exit; the threat of hit-and-run entry keeps even a single incumbent's profit near normal.
可竞争市场进入和退出成本低；打了就跑式进入的威胁使即使只有一家在位企业，利润也接近正常。
Microsoft agreed to buy Activision Blizzard for about 69 billion dollars.
微软同意以约 690 亿美元收购动视暴雪。
In the console table, the three-firm ratio is 45 plus 30 plus 20: 95%, a highly concentrated oligopoly.
在游戏机表格中，三企业集中度为 45 加 30 加 20，即百分之 95，是高度集中的寡头市场。
For approval: selling the cloud rights to Ubisoft was a structural remedy aimed at the exact risk.
支持批准：把云游戏权利卖给育碧，是针对确切风险的结构性补救。
Against: access promises are hard to enforce and expire after 10 or 15 years.
反对：准入承诺难以执行，并在 10 年或 15 年后到期。
Judgement: reasonable, but review the market before the agreements end.
判断：决定合理，但应在协议到期前重新审查市场。
Check yourself.
自我检测。
Revenue peaks where MR is zero, at 70 and 35.
边际收益为零时收入最大，产量 70、价格 35。
The firm shuts down below 3.4.
价格低于 3.4 时企业停产。
The CR4 is 90%.
四企业集中度为百分之 90。
The monopoly produces 40 at 50 for a profit of 800.
垄断企业以价格 50 生产 40，利润 800。
And the Nash equilibrium is both defecting, at 2 each.
纳什均衡是双方都背叛，各得 2。