Labour markets and government intervention
Pearson Edexcel · International A-Level · Economics Topic 6 3:56 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
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Labour demand is derived from the product.
劳动需求派生自产品需求。
Supply depends on population, taxes and benefits.
供给取决于人口、税收和福利。
They set the wage.
两者决定工资。
Where markets fail, through power, immobility or poverty, the government intervenes.
当市场因势力、流动性不足或贫困而失灵时，政府进行干预。
Labour demand is derived from demand for the product.
劳动需求派生自对产品的需求。
It also rises with productivity and the product's price, and falls when labour becomes dearer relative to capital.
它也随生产率和产品价格上升，当劳动相对资本变贵时下降。
Labour supply rises with population and net migration.
劳动供给随人口和净移民增加。
Lower income tax and lower benefits raise the incentive to work.
较低的所得税和较低的福利提高工作激励。
Regulations and trade unions can restrict entry to an occupation.
法规和工会可能限制进入某个职业。
The wage settles where supply meets demand.
工资落在供给与需求相交处。
Setting 4 plus 0.02 L equal to 16 minus 0.04 L gives 200 workers at a wage of 8 per hour.
令 4 加 0.02 L 等于 16 减 0.04 L，得到 200 名工人，时薪为 8。
Higher product demand shifts MRP right, raising the wage and employment.
产品需求上升使边际收益产品曲线右移，工资和就业都上升。
Migration or benefit reform shifts supply instead.
移民或福利改革则使供给曲线移动。
In the public sector, pay review bodies can leave wages above or below the market rate.
在公共部门，薪酬审议机构可能使工资高于或低于市场水平。
Geographical immobility, from housing costs, family ties and poor information, leaves unemployment in one region beside vacancies in another.
地域流动性不足源于住房成本、家庭纽带和信息不足，使一个地区有失业，另一个地区有空缺。
Occupational immobility, from training costs and specific skills, traps workers in declining jobs.
职业流动性不足源于培训成本和专用技能，把工人困在衰退的行业中。
To control monopolies: RPI minus X price caps, profit regulation and merger control.
控制垄断：零售价格指数减 X 的价格上限、利润管制和并购控制。
To promote competition: deregulation, privatisation and competitive tendering.
促进竞争：放松管制、私有化和竞争性招标。
To protect suppliers and employees: employment law and limits on monopsony power.
保护供应商和雇员：劳动法和限制买方垄断势力。
Four limits: regulatory capture, where the regulator serves the regulated; asymmetric information; inadequate resources; and a lack of regulatory power.
四个限制：监管俘获，即监管者为被监管者服务；信息不对称；资源不足；以及缺乏监管权力。
A floor of 9 sits above the equilibrium wage.
9 的工资下限高于均衡工资。
Supply rises to 250 but demand falls to 175, so 75 workers are unemployed, although each employed worker earns more.
供给增加到 250，但需求降到 175，所以 75 名工人失业，尽管每个就业工人挣得更多。
A cap of 6 sits below equilibrium.
6 的工资上限低于均衡。
Firms show demand 250, but workers offer supply 100: a shortage of 150, so vacancies go unfilled.
企业需求 250，但工人只供给 100：短缺 150，空缺无法填补。
Direct taxes such as national insurance raise the cost of employing.
国民保险等直接税提高雇佣成本。
Training, relocation grants and housing supply reduce immobility.
培训、搬迁补助和住房供给减少流动性不足。
Anti-discrimination law protects fair access to jobs.
反歧视法保障公平就业。
Pay rose from 32,000 to 36,000 pounds, up 12.5%.
工资从 32,000 英镑升到 36,000 英镑，上涨百分之 12.5。
Drivers rose from 300,000 to 306,000, up 2%.
司机人数从 300,000 增至 306,000，增加百分之 2。
The elasticity is 2 over 12.5, 0.16: very inelastic, because new drivers need months and money to qualify.
弹性为 2 除以 12.5，即 0.16：非常缺乏弹性，因为新司机需要数月时间和资金才能取得资格。
Fewer EU drivers and cancelled tests mean supply shifts left.
欧盟司机减少、考试取消，意味着供给曲线左移。
Demand stays high, so the market moves to a higher wage with fewer drivers employed.
需求保持高位，所以市场转向更高的工资，雇佣的司机更少。
Visas are quick, but only 5,000 were offered against 100,000 missing, and few drivers applied.
签证见效快，但只发放 5,000 个，而缺口是 100,000，申请者也很少。
Training and faster tests raise supply permanently but take months.
培训和加快考试能永久增加供给，但需要数月。
Judgement: visas ease the crisis; training fixes the cause.
判断：签证缓解危机；培训解决根源。
Check yourself.
自我检测。
The model clears at 200 workers and a wage of 8.
模型在 200 名工人、工资 8 处出清。
A minimum of 9 hires 175 and leaves 75 unemployed.
最低工资 9 时雇佣 175，75 人失业。
A maximum of 6 leaves a shortage of 150.
最高工资 6 时短缺 150。
Pay up 12.5% and drivers up 2% is an elasticity of 0.16.
工资上涨百分之 12.5、司机增加百分之 2，弹性为 0.16。
And a regulator serving the firm is regulatory capture.
监管者为企业服务就是监管俘获。