Start with the worked unit cube and recover total outward flux 3 by both surface and volume routes. Move the box to negative x, where the field still points right but more enters than leaves. A box centred on zero has cancelling source and sink contributions. Compare the local probes at x = 2 and x = −2 to distinguish field direction from divergence sign.
เหตุผลที่สำคัญ. Every capacitor, every insulation failure, every touch
เซ็นเซอร์ทุกตัว, การล้มเหลวของฉนวนทุกชนิด, และเซ็นเซอร์สัมผัสทุกตัว ล้วนเป็นปัญหาไฟฟ้าสถิตที่สวมป้ายชื่อองค์ประกอบ
Recover the worked sphere surface field of 753 V/m, then probe half the radius for 377 V/m and twice the radius for 188 V/m. Inside, enclosed charge grows as r cubed and the field rises linearly; outside, charge stays fixed and the field falls as inverse radius squared. Fill all space with the same dielectric and compare E with D. Reverse the free charge to see the field direction change without changing the inside/outside law.
The idea, with a picture. Currents make fields. Biot-Savart law integrates every current element's contribution; **Ampère's
$\oint \mathbf{B} \cdot d\mathbf{l} = \mu_{0}I_{enc}$ ห่อหุ้มสนาม
การทดสอบสมมาตรจากหน่วย 7.1 จะช่วยตัดสินใจเลือกใช้วิธีใด
Start with the lesson's n = 1000 turns/m and I = 2 A, giving the infinite-coil value 2.51 mT. Compare a chosen finite coil 20 cm long with radius 1 cm, then shorten it to 2 cm while keeping n and I fixed. Probe the centre, end and beyond the end to see where the infinite-solenoid shortcut loses accuracy. Reversing current changes field direction while the geometric reduction stays the same.
Start with the worked charging current of 1 A and compare a surface cutting the wire with one passing through the vacuum gap. The original law gives different predictions; including the changing-electric-flux term makes both totals equal. Change plate area to alter the field rate while its product with ε₀A remains the same current. Hold a nonzero stored charge to distinguish electric field from changing electric field.
Start with the worked 100 V/m RMS wave at 1 MHz. Its average power is about 26.5 W/m², while its instantaneous power at a field crest is twice that. Reinterpret the same number as a peak field and the average halves. Advance half a cycle to reverse E and H together without reversing the Poynting vector. Compare a uniform dielectric to vacuum, keeping the entered electric field specified.
A 24 V source with 50 Ω series resistance launches the worked 12 V incident step. Follow its finite propagation delay to the open load, where voltage doubles and current cancels. Compare a short and a matched load, then change the source resistance to see whether the returning wave is absorbed or reflected again.
Start with WR-90 at 10 GHz and compare its 39.8 mm guide wavelength with the 30 mm free-space wavelength. Change the wide dimension and frequency to cross cutoff. The transverse field still fits the walls, but the axial pattern changes from a travelling wave to a decaying field. Near cutoff, its phase spacing becomes very long.