前置詞

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8 前置詞
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8.1
关于 — "about, regarding, as for"

pertaining to关于guān yú (guānyú) flags the topic a sentence is about — "about, regarding, as for." Used this way it opens the sentence, setting the subject up before you say anything about it: "As for X, …".

Structure: 关于 + Topic ，……

as for关于guān yúChinese中国Zhōng guóhistory历史lì shǐI，我wǒknow知道zhī dào的denot much不多bù duō。

As for Chinese history, I don't know much.

as for关于guān yúyour你nǐ的desuggestion建议jiàn yìthe boss，老板lǎo bǎnstill还hái在zàiconsidering it考虑kǎo lǜ。

As for your suggestion, the boss is still thinking it over.

Remember: pertaining to关于guān yú + topic = a headline at the front of the sentence ("Regarding X, …"). It can't sit mid-sentence like English "about."

Watch out

Many English "about"s are baked into the Chinese verb — say to chat聊liáoyou你nǐ(modifier / structural particle)的deto work工作gōng zuò ("talk about your job"), not to chat聊liáopertaining to关于guān yú….
8.2
直到 … 才 … — "not until"

until直到zhí dào (zhídào) means "all the way until (a point)." Pair it with only then / not until才cái and you get the emphatic "not until X did Y happen" — the only then / not until才cái is what stamps on the "and that's surprisingly late."

Structure: 直到 + Time / Event ，Subject + 才 + Verb

not until直到zhí dàohalf past twelve十二点半shí èr diǎn bànI，我wǒonly then才cáifinished做完zuò wánthe homework作业zuò yè。

I didn't finish my homework until half past twelve.

he他tānot until直到zhí dàothe doctor医生yī shēngcame来lái了leonly then，才cáirelaxed放心fàng xīn。

He didn't relax until the doctor came.

Remember: until直到zhí dào sets the deadline, only then / not until才cái delivers the "finally / only then." Drop the only then / not until才cái and you lose the "annoyingly late" punch.

Watch out

The subject may also go before until直到zhí dào: I / me我wǒuntil直到zhí dào十二点shí èr diǎn半才bàn cái….
8.3
向 — "towards, to (and sometimes from)"

towards向xiàng (xiàng) aims an action towards a person or direction — no actual movement required (towards向xiànghe / him他tāto laugh笑xiào, "smile at him"). The twist English speakers must memorise: a few verbs that take "from" in English use towards向xiàng ("toward") in Chinese — towards向xiàng…to borrow money借钱jiè qián ("borrow from"), towards向xiàng…to learn学习xué xí ("learn from").

Structure: 向 + Direction / Person + Verb

向xiàngforward前qiánlook看kàn。

Look ahead.

you你nǐmust必须bì xūto向xiànghim他tāapologise道歉dào qiàn！

You must apologise to him!

I我wǒdon't不bùlike喜欢xǐ huanfrom向xiàngfriends朋友péng youborrowing money借钱jiè qián。

I don't like borrowing money from friends.

** remember : towards向xiàng = who誰shuíかへtowards向xiàngかう矢印shǐ yìn**。中國語zhōng guó yǔでは「from從cóng...to learn學xué/variant of 借借jiè」も、出所chū suǒをto point towards指向zhǐ xiàngするdirection方向fāng xiàngとしてto clutch捉zhuōえられます：towards向xiàngteacher老師lǎo shīto learn學習xué xí（「teacher先生xiān shēngへtowards向xiàngかってto learn学xuéぶ」）。

Watch out

towards向xiàngきvariant of 合合héう・towards向xiàngけるverb動詞dòng cíとto combine併bìngto use / with用yòngします：向前走xiàng qián zǒu（「front前qiánへold variant of 步歩bùく」）、towards向xiàngI / me我wǒto request help求助qiú zhù（「personal私sīにto help助zhùけをto seek求qiúめると」）。