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19.1
Primary amines · 第一アミン
Syllabus · シラバス
English
recall the reactions by which amines can be produced: (a) reaction of a halogenoalkane with $\text{NH}_3$ in ethanol heated under pressure Classification of amines will not be tested at AS Level.
This is a nucleophilic substitution 亲核取代: the lone pair on the nitrogen of ammonia attacks the slightly positive carbon and pushes out the halogen. You use an excess of ammonia, or the amine made can react again.
recall the reactions by which nitriles can be produced: (a) reaction of a halogenoalkane with $\text{KCN}$ in ethanol and heat
recall the reactions by which hydroxynitriles can be produced: (a) the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with $\text{HCN}$, $\text{KCN}$ as catalyst, and heat
describe the hydrolysis of nitriles with dilute acid or dilute alkali followed by acidification to produce a carboxylic acid
This is also a nucleophilic substitution, with the $\text{CN}^-$ ion as the nucleophile. It is useful because it adds one carbon to the chain. The product is a nitrile 腈.
Making a hydroxynitrile
Add $\text{HCN}$ (with $\text{KCN}$ as catalyst, and heat) to an aldehyde 醛 or ketone 酮. The $\text{H}$ and $\text{CN}$ add across the C=O bond to give a hydroxynitrile 羟基腈. The reagent is hydrogen cyanide 氰化氢, and the mechanism is nucleophilic addition 亲核加成.
Hydrolysis of nitriles
Warm a nitrile with dilute acid (or dilute alkali, then acidify). This hydrolysis 水解 turns the $\text{–CN}$ group into a $\text{–COOH}$ group, giving a carboxylic acid 羧酸:
A nitrile can also be reduced by hydrogen and a catalyst to form an amine, which is the reduction 还原 route to a longer-chain amine.
Worked example. Starting from bromoethane, make propanoic acid. Compare the carbons first: bromoethane has 2, propanoic acid has 3, so a carbon must be added - and the $\text{KCN}$ step is the reaction that does it. Step 1: warm bromoethane with ethanolic $\text{KCN}$; nucleophilic substitution gives propanenitrile, $\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CN}$, which now has 3 carbons because the $\text{CN}$ carbon joins the chain. Step 2: reflux the nitrile with dilute $\text{HCl}$; hydrolysis gives propanoic acid. Count the carbons before you plan: whenever the target has exactly one more than the starting material, the nitrile route is almost always the intended answer, and remember the $\text{CN}$ carbon is part of the new chain.
** worked example. ** ブromoethaneからプロパノ酸を合成する。まず炭素数を比較する:bromoethaneは炭素2個、プロパノ酸は炭素3個なので、炭素を追加する必要がある——その$\text{KCN}$工程がそれに相当する。ステップ1:bromoethaneをエタノール中$\text{KCN}$と温める。求核置換反応によりプロパネニトリル$\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CN}$が生成し、$\text{CN}$炭素が鎖に結合するため炭素数が3になる。ステップ2:ニトリルを希$\text{HCl}$中で還流する。加水分解によりプロパノ酸が生成する。計画を立てる前に炭素数を数えよ:標的物質が開始物質よりちょうど1つ多い場合、ニトリル経由法がほぼ必ず意図された解答であり、$\text{CN}$炭素が新しい鎖の一部であることを忘れるな。
Explore · 探索
Nitrile synthesis route · ニトリルの合成経路
Follow nitriles and hydroxynitriles as carbon-chain extension tools. · ニトリルおよびヒドロキシニトリルを炭素鎖伸長ツールとして学ぶ。
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