Adjetivos

HSK 4 · Tema 1

Lección de video para este tema Abrir la página de video

Material

What this topic teaches

Two adjective patterns carry a lot of HSK 4 meaning. all全quán + noun sweeps up a whole thing in one move — the whole family, all year, the entire school. adjective形容词xíng róng cí + to die死sǐ(completed / change)了le cranks an adjective to its limit — starving, exhausted, hideous. Both are tested on word order, not on vocabulary: the exam checks whether all / both都dōu arrives, whether (modifier / structural particle)的de stays away, and whether the feeling suits the pattern.

Work through each structure, say the examples aloud, and finish with the review questions. The sentences are classroom examples written for this course.

all全quán + noun: the whole thing in one sweep

Structure: all全quán + Noun + all / both都dōu + Predicate

whole family全家quán jiāall / both都dōu去过qù guòBeijing, capital of the…北京běi jīng。 (Quán jiā dōu qù guo Běijīng.) — Our whole family has been to Beijing.

this这个zhè gearea地方dì fāngthe whole year全年quán niánall / both都dōudegree / adjective linker很hěnto warm up热rè。 (Zhège dìfang quánnián dōu hěn rè.) — This place is hot all year round.

all全quán in front of a noun means "the whole, entire" thing. It bonds to a small set of sustantivos "entero": body身shēn (cuerpo), home家jiā (familia), country国guó (país), world世界shì jiè (mundo), (bound form) school校xiào (escuela), grain年nián (año) — y requiere un all / both都dōu en el predicado para reflejar el "todo".

La única regla que debes memorizar: all全quán no lleva (modifier / structural particle)的de. whole family全家quán jiā ✓, all全quán(modifier / structural particle)的dehome家jiā ✗.

Practícalo. Un compañero escribe all全quán(modifier / structural particle)的dehome家jiāall / both都dōuto come来lái(completed / change)了le。 Arregléalo: hay que quitar el de — whole family全家quán jiāall / both都dōuto come来lái(completed / change)了le。

(Quán jiā dōu lái le.) — Toda la familia ha venido.

Precaución

Solo se une a sustantivos "enteros": body身shēn, home家jiā, country国guó, (bound form) school校xiào, grain年nián, world世界shì jiè. No dirías entire book全书quán shū para "el libro entero" en este patrón en HSK 4.
Dónde se coloca not不bù cambia todo: all全都quán dōu不去bù qù (quán dōu bù qù) significa "ninguno va en absoluto", mientras que not不bùall全都quán dōuto go去qù (bù quán dōu qù) significa "no todos van". Una palabra de posición invierte completamente el significado — una trampa favorita en los exámenes.

Adjetivo + to die死sǐ(completed / change)了le: "hasta la muerte, extremadamente"

Estructura: (Sujeto +) Adjetivo + to die死sǐ(completed / change)了le

I / me我wǒto starve to death饿死è sǐ(completed / change)了le！ (Wǒ è sǐ le!) — ¡Estoy muriendo de hambre!

today今天jīn tiān累死lèi sǐ(completed / change)了le！ (Jīntiān lèi sǐ le!) — ¡Estoy agotado hoy!

这件zhè jiànclothes衣服yī fú丑死chǒu sǐ(completed / change)了le。 (Zhè jiàn yīfu chǒu sǐ le.) — Este atuendo es espantoso.

to die死sǐ(completed / change)了le después de un adjetivo lo intensifica al límite — "hasta la muerte, extremadamente". Es la equivalencia exacta del inglés "scared to death" o "bored to death": vívido, coloquial y orientado hacia sentimientos desagradables. El sujeto es opcional, por lo que exclamaciones de una sola palabra como to starve to death饿死è sǐ(completed / change)了le！ funcionan solas.

La regla de unión: to die死sǐ(completed / change)了le se une directamente — sin (degree marker)得de. 累死lèi sǐ(completed / change)了le ✓, rope累lèi(degree marker)得deto die死sǐ(completed / change)了le ✗.

Pruébalo. Es una tarde calurosa y acabas de subir cuatro tramos de escalera. Di eso: 热死rè sǐ(completed / change)了le！ (Rè sǐ le!) — ¡Está hirviendo!

Precaución

to die死sǐ(completed / change)了le es el primo teatral de extremely极了jí le — más ruidoso, más informal ymain主要zhǔ yàoto use in用于yòng yúto express表达biǎo dápain痛苦tòng kǔ： rope累lèi cansado, to be hungry饿è hambriento, to warm up热rè caliente, shameful丑chǒu feo.
Debido a que es casual e intenso, se adapta al habla cotidiana y a las entradas de diario, no a un ensayo formal.

Elegir la herramienta adecuada

Patrón	Significado	Registro	La regla que se evalúa
all全quán + N + all / both都dōu + V	todo X, todo en su conjunto	neutro	sin (modifier / structural particle)的de; all / both都dōu refleja el "todo"
Adj + to die死sǐ(completed / change)了le	extremadamente, … hasta morir	casual, intenso	adjetivo desnudo; sensaciones desagradables

Lee la situación antes de elegir. "Toda la clase aprobó" es un informe neutral: the whole class全班quán bānall / both都dōuto pass through通过tōng guò(completed / change)了le。 (Quán bān dōu tōngguò le.) "Estoy muriendo de cansancio" es una queja entre amigos: 累死lèi sǐ(completed / change)了le. Mezclar los registros — anunciar the whole class全班quán bānto die死sǐ(completed / change)了le en un informe formal — es ese tipo de colisión que el examen busca detectar.

Repaso

whole family全家quán jiāall / both都dōuto come来lái(completed / change)了le o all全quán(modifier / structural particle)的dehome家jiāall / both都dōuto come来lái(completed / change)了le — ¿cuál es correcto y por qué?
¿Cuál es la diferencia entre all全都quán dōu不去bù qù y not不bùall全都quán dōuto go去qù?
Which adjective does NOT suit to die死sǐ(completed / change)了le at HSK 4 — tired, hungry, happy, or ugly?
¿Se une to die死sǐ(completed / change)了le con (modifier / structural particle)的de o (degree marker)得de — o ninguno?

(Respuestas: 1. whole family全家quán jiāall / both都dōuto come来lái(completed / change)了le — all全quán no toma (modifier / structural particle)的de. 2. "Ninguno va" versus "no todos van" —) la posición de not不bù decide. 3. happy高兴gāo xìng — to die死sǐ(completed / change)了le en este nivel tiende a sensaciones desagradables; para expresar un grado extremo de deleite se usa extremely极了jí le. 4. Ninguno — se une sin partícula: 累死lèi sǐ(completed / change)了le.)

Vocabulario

Entrenar

English	Español
romance	爱情
to arrange	安排
safe	安全
on time	按时
according to	按照
dark	暗
to comprise	包括
to protect	保护
guarantee	保证
to report	报道
to sign up	报名
to hug	抱
to be sorry	抱歉
-fold	倍
original	本来
stupid	笨
notebook	笔记本
graduation	毕业
measure word for times through	遍
standard	标准
to express	表达
form	表格
to praise	表扬
biscuit	饼干
and also	并且
doctor	博士
not only	不但
have no choice or option but to	不得不
not to be concerned	不管
only	不过
not just	不仅
part	部分
to wipe	擦
to guess	猜
material	材料
to look around	参观
almost	差不多
to taste	尝
measure word for events	场
to surpass	超过
to quarrel	吵
success	成功
mature	成熟
to become	成为
honest	诚实
to ride	乘坐
to be startled	吃惊
to smoke	抽烟
to go on an official or business trip	出差
to set off	出发
to be born	出生
fax	传真
window	窗户
dictionary	词典
always	从来
careless	粗心
answer	答案
to decorate	打扮
to disturb	打扰
to affix a seal	打印
to give a discount	打折
to give or have an injection	打针
physician	大夫
roughly	大概
embassy	大使馆
approximately	大约
representative	代表
to replace	代替
to put on or wear	戴
to play an instrument	弹
to work as	当
local	当地
then	当时
knife	刀
tour guide	导游
everywhere	到处
finally	到底
to apologize	道歉
the earth	地球
address	地址
proud of oneself	得意
to wait	等
bottom	底
investigation	调查
to fall	掉
to lose	丢
movement	动作
traffic jam	堵车
belly	肚子
to break	断
right	对
to talk	对话
opposite	对面
measure word for meals	顿
measure word for flowers	朵
child	儿童
and yet	而
to send out	发
to happen	发生
development	发展
law	法律
to translate	翻译
to be worried	烦恼
to oppose	反对
to mirror	反映
range	范围
method	方法
respect	方面
direction	方向
to visit	访问
to renounce	放弃
to be on summer vacation	放暑假
indicating a fraction	分之
measure word for portions and copies	份
to enrich	丰富
scenery	风景
otherwise	否则
in keeping with	符合
father	父亲
to be in charge of	负责
to photocopy	复印
complicated	复杂
rich	富
to change	改变
to move	感动
feeling	感觉
emotion	感情
thanks	感谢
to work	干
to drink a toast	干杯
to dry	干燥
just recently	刚刚
high level	高级
height	个子
each	各
tool	工具
wages	工资
kilometer	公里
common	共同
shopping	购物
enough	够
to estimate	估计
lone	孤单
to encourage	鼓励
to applaud	鼓掌
deliberately	故意
customer	顾客
to hang or suspend	挂
crucial point	关键
spectators	观众
to supervise	管理
light	光
broadcast	广播
to advertise	广告
to stroll	逛
to stipulate	规定
international	国际
really	果然
to cross	过
course of events	过程
to cough	咳嗽
ocean	海洋
shy	害羞
winter vacation	寒假
sweat	汗
flight	航班
benefit	好处
as if	好像
number	号码
to meet the standard required	合格
suitable	合适
box	盒子
monkey	猴子
to regret	后悔
afterwards	后来
thick	厚
suddenly	忽然
each other	互相
nurse	护士
to doubt	怀疑
to recall	回忆
to exercise	活动
lively	活泼
fire	火
to obtain	获得
active	积极
to accumulate	积累
base	基础
to move emotionally	激动
timely	及时
even if	即使
extremely	极其
to gather	集合
plan	计划
reporter	记者
technology	技术
since	既然
to continue	继续
to mail	寄
to work overtime	加班
gas station	加油站
furniture	家具
fake	假
price	价格
to persevere with	坚持
to lose weight	减肥
to lessen	减少
in the future	将来
premium	奖金
to reduce	降低
to hand over	交
to exchange	交流
to be connected	交通
pride	骄傲
dumpling	饺子
professor	教授
to educate	教育
to accept	接受
to economize	节约
outcome	结果
explanation	解释
despite	尽管
nervous	紧张
to advance	进行
to prohibit	禁止
Beijing opera	京剧
economy	经济
experience	经历
to experience	经验
wonderful	精彩
spirit	精神
police	警察
to compete	竞争
unexpectedly	竟然
mirror	镜子
to go to the bottom of a matter	究竟
to conduct	举办
to refuse	拒绝
distance	距离
to play a joke	开玩笑
way of looking at a thing	看法
to think over	考虑
science	科学
measure word for trees	棵
pitiful	可怜
but	可是
it is a pity	可惜
to be certain	肯定
air	空气
fear	恐怕
bitter	苦
wide	宽
sleepy	困
difficult	困难
to expand	扩大
rubbish bin	垃圾桶
to pull	拉
spicy	辣
there's not enough time	来不及
to have enough time	来得及
lazy	懒
to waste	浪费
romantic	浪漫
tiger	老虎
calm	冷静
courtesy	礼貌
to get a haircut	理发
to comprehend	理解
an ideal	理想
strength	力气
terrible	厉害
for example	例如
the two of us	俩
even	连
connection	联系
nice and cold	凉快
bright	亮
to chat	聊天
additional	另外
to shed tears	流泪
fluent	流利
to spread	流行
to stay behind	留
to study abroad	留学
lawyer	律师
messy	乱
trouble	麻烦
sloppy	马虎
full	满
towel	毛巾
beautiful	美丽
dream	梦
cipher	密码
free	免费
nationality	民族
mother	母亲
purpose	目的
to be patient	耐心
don't tell me	难道
to feel unwell	难受
inside	内
content	内容
capability	能力
age	年龄
rural area	农村
to do	弄
warm	暖和
occasionally	偶尔
to arrange in order	排列
to judge	判断
to accompany	陪
to criticize	批评
skin	皮肤
character	脾气
measure word for articles	篇
to cheat	骗
table tennis	乒乓球
ordinarily	平时
bottle	瓶子
broken	破
universal	普遍
next	其次
among	其中
to take off	起飞
to stand up	起来
climate	气候
ten million	千万
visa	签证
wall	墙
to knock	敲
bridge	桥
chocolate	巧克力
a relative	亲戚
light in weight	轻
gentle	轻松
circumstances	情况
to request leave of absence	请假
to give a dinner party	请客
poor	穷
difference	区别
to take	取
whole	全部
weak point	缺点
lack	缺少
yet	却
indeed	确实
group	群
however	然而
bustling with noise and excitement	热闹
Renminbi	人民币
any	任何
mission	任务
to throw	扔
still	仍然
diary	日记
entrance	入口
soft	软
to take a walk	散步
forest	森林
sofa	沙发
to grieve	伤心
to consult	商量
a little bit	稍微
society	社会
to apply for sth	申请
deep	深
so much so that	甚至
to live	生活
life	生命
to save	省
to remain	剩
to be defeated	失败
disappointed	失望
master	师傅
lion	狮子
moist	湿润
very	十分
reality	实际
actually	实在
foodstuff	食品
to use	使用
century	世纪
marketplace	市场
to test	试
to fit	适合
to adapt	适应
to receive	收
to take in	收入
to put in order	收拾
capital	首都
first	首先
unbearable	受不了
to be ...ed	受到
salesperson	售货员
to lose a game	输
to be familiar with	熟悉
amount	数量
numeral	数字
handsome	帅
conveniently	顺便
smoothly	顺利
sequence	顺序
to explain	说明
master's degree	硕士
to die	死
speed	速度
plastic bag	塑料袋
sour	酸
to calculate	算
as one wishes	随便
along with	随着
grandson	孙子
all	所有
measure word for machines	台
to lift	抬
manner	态度
to speak	谈
soup	汤
to lie down	躺
measure word for trips	趟
to discuss	讨论
to dislike	讨厌
characteristic	特点
to offer	提供
to shift to an earlier date	提前
to remind	提醒
to fill a job vacancy	填空
condition	条件
to stop	停止
quite	挺
to pass through	通过
to notify	通知
to sympathize with	同情
to push	推
to postpone	推迟
to take off clothes	脱
socks	袜子
complete	完全
tennis	网球
website	网站
towards	往
usually	往往
danger	危险
flavor	味道
temperature	温度
article	文章
to shake hands	握手
to pollute	污染
without	无
bored	无聊
no matter what or how	无论
to misunderstand	误会
to attract	吸引
washing machine	洗衣机
tomato	西红柿
salty	咸
modern times	现代
to restrict	限制
to envy	羡慕
contrary	相反
fragrant	香
detailed	详细
to make a sound	响
news	消息
novel	小说
result	效果
joke	笑话
mood	心情
exhausting	辛苦
to trust	信任
confidence	信心
credit card	信用卡
all right	行
to wake up	醒
excited	兴奋
happiness	幸福
gender	性别
nature	性格
to repair	修
many	许多
blood	血
pressure	压力
toothpaste	牙膏
Asia	亚洲
exclamation particle	呀
strict	严格
grave	严重
graduate student	研究生
salt	盐
to act	演出
actor or actress	演员
sunshine	阳光
to cultivate	养成
appearance	样子
to invite	邀请
key	钥匙
perhaps	也许
leaf	叶子
page	页
everything	一切
by means of	以
100 million	亿
art	艺术
idea	意见
thus	因此
to give rise to	引起
drink	饮料
impression	印象
to beat	赢
hard	硬
forever	永远
brave	勇敢
merit	优点
outstanding	优秀
humor	幽默
especially	尤其
by	由
due to	由于
interesting	有趣
friendly	友好
companionship	友谊
thereupon	于是
cheerful	愉快
and	与
shuttlecock	羽毛球
grammar	语法
language	语言
to prepare a lesson	预习
former	原来
to excuse	原谅
cause	原因
circle	圆
appointment	约会
to read	阅读
to permit	允许
magazine	杂志
we or us spoken to)	咱们
temporary	暂时
dirty	脏
responsibility	责任
to raise	增加
to grow	增长
narrow	窄
the Great Wall	长城
Yangtze River, or Chang Jiang	长江
to invite applications for a job	招聘
famous	著名
genuine	真正
to tidy up	整理
orderly	整齐
regular	正常
just	正好
correct	正确
formal	正式
proof	证明
of (literary)	之
to be in favor of	支持
knowledge	知识
direct	直接
to be worth	值得
occupation	职业
plant	植物
to have no other option but to	只好
if only	只要
finger	指
at least	至少
to manufacture	制造
quality	质量
Chinese language	中文
important point	重点
to attach importance to sth	重视
again	重新
environs	周围
pig	猪
gradually	逐渐
to take the initiative	主动
decision	主意
to congratulate	祝贺
specialist	专门
specialty	专业
to earn	赚
to knock against	撞
accurate	准确
punctual	准时
careful	仔细
natural	自然
to sum up	总结
to rent	租
to form	组成
to organize	组织
mouth	嘴
best	最好
final	最后
to esteem	尊重
author	作者
measure word for mountains and buildings	座
seat	座位
to do business	做生意