Firms and production · 企业与生产
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| productivity/ˌprɒdəkˈtɪvɪti/ | 生产率 | shēng chǎn lǜ |
| production/prəˈdʌkʃn/ | 生产 | shēng chǎn |
| capital-intensive/ˈkæpɪtl ɪnˈtensɪv/ | 资本密集型 | zī běn mì jí xíng |
| labour-intensive/ˈleɪbə ɪnˈtensɪv/ | 劳动密集型 | láo dòng mì jí xíng |
| training/ˈtreɪnɪŋ/ | 培训 | péi xùn |
| technology/tekˈnɒlədʒi/ | 技术 | jì shù |
| average cost/ˈævrɪdʒ kɒst/ | 平均成本 | píng jūn chéng běn |
| competitiveness/kəmˈpetɪtɪvnəs/ | 竞争力 | jìng zhēng lì |
Making more from the same
- Two factories with identical machines can turn out very different amounts. The difference is productivity 生产率.
- Raising it is how firms — and whole economies — get richer.
用同样的东西制造更多
- 两个有相同机器的工厂能产出非常不同的数量。区别是生产率(productivity)。
- 提高它是企业——和整个经济体——变富的方式。
Factors of production lab · 生产要素实验室
Sort real resources by the factor of production they represent. · 按它们代表的生产要素对实物资源进行排序。
Productivity is best defined as: · 生产率的最佳定义是:
Productivity measures efficiency — output per worker (or per machine). · 生产率衡量效率——即每位工人(或每台机器)的产出。
8 workers produce 240 units a day. What is productivity (units per worker)? · 8名工人每天生产240单位产品。每位工人的生产率是多少?(单位/人)
240 / 8 = 30 units per worker. · 240 / 8 = 30 单位/人。
Total output produced is called . · 生产的总产出称为。
Production is the total; productivity is per worker. · 产量是总量;生产率是人均量。
Production 生产 vs productivity
- Production = the total amount produced.
- Productivity = output per worker (or per machine) — efficiency, not just quantity.
Worked example. A team of 5 makes 100 units a day → productivity is 20 units per worker. Add a machine so they make 150 → productivity rises to 30, with the same 5 workers.
The division of labour raises productivity — each worker specialises in one task
生产对生产率
- 生产(production)= 生产的总量。
- 生产率(productivity)= 每个工人(或每台机器)的产出——效率,不只是数量。
例题。 一个 5 人的团队一天制造 100 单位 → 生产率是每个工人 20 单位。加一台机器使他们制造 150 → 生产率上升到 30,用同样的 5 个工人。

劳动分工提高生产率——每个工人专门做一项任务
An oil refinery that runs mainly on machinery is: · 主要依靠机械运转的炼油厂属于:
It relies mainly on capital (machines), not labour. · 它主要依赖资本(机器),而非劳动力。
Labour- vs capital-intensive 资本密集型
- Labour-intensive 劳动密集型: production relies mainly on workers (a hand car-wash, a restaurant).
- Capital-intensive: production relies mainly on machines (an oil refinery, car assembly).
Wages depend on skills, the difficulty of the job, and demand
劳动密集对资本密集
- 劳动密集(labour-intensive):生产主要依靠工人(一个手工洗车、一家餐厅)。
- 资本密集(capital-intensive):生产主要依靠机器(一个炼油厂、汽车装配)。
Which raise productivity? (Select all that apply.) · 哪些措施能提高生产率?(多选)
More workers raise production, not necessarily output per worker. · 增加工人可提高总产量,但不一定能提高人均产出。
Raising productivity
- Better training 培训, newer technology 技术, and improved organisation all raise output per worker.
- Higher productivity lowers average cost 平均成本 and boosts competitiveness 竞争力.
Production rising ≠ productivity rising. Hiring more workers raises production but may leave output-per-worker unchanged. Productivity is about doing more with the same.
提高生产率
- 更好的培训、更新的技术,和改进的组织都提高每个工人的产出。
- 更高的生产率降低平均成本并提升竞争力。
生产上升 ≠ 生产率上升。 雇用更多工人提高生产,但可能使每个工人的产出不变。生产率是关于用同样的东西做更多。
You've got it
- production = total output; productivity = output per worker
- labour-intensive uses mostly workers; capital-intensive uses mostly machines
- training, technology and organisation raise productivity → lower cost
你掌握了
- 生产 = 总产出;生产率 = 每个工人的产出
- 劳动密集主要用工人;资本密集主要用机器
- 培训、技术和组织提高生产率 → 更低的成本