The role of markets in allocating resources · 市场在配置资源中的作用
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| market economy/ˈmɑːkɪt ɪˈkɒnəmi/ | 市场经济 | shì chǎng jīng jì |
| market/ˈmɑːkɪt/ | 市场 | shì chǎng |
| buyers/ˈbaɪəz/ | 买方 | mǎi fāng |
| sellers/ˈseləz/ | 卖方 | mài fāng |
| price mechanism/praɪs ˈmekənɪzəm/ | 价格机制 | jià gé jī zhì |
| signals/ˈsɪɡnlz/ | 信号 | xìn hào |
| incentive/ɪnˈsentɪv/ | 激励 | jī lì |
| ration/ˈræʃn/ | 配给 | pèi jǐ |
Who decides what gets made?
- No one orders the world's farmers to grow exactly enough bread, yet supermarket shelves are full each morning.
- In a market economy 市场经济, prices do the organising — quietly steering resources to where they are wanted.
谁决定制造什么?
- 没有人命令世界的农民种植恰好足够的面包,然而每天早上超市货架都是满的。
- 在一个市场经济中,价格做组织工作——悄悄地把资源引导到它们被需要的地方。
A market is best defined as: · 一个市场最好被定义为:
A market is any arrangement bringing buyers and sellers together. · 一个市场是任何把买方和卖方聚到一起的安排。
What a market 市场 is
- A market is any place or system where buyers 买方 and sellers 卖方 meet to trade.
- It need not be a physical place — online shops, stock exchanges and job markets all count.
A stock exchange is one kind of market — buyers and sellers meet and prices are set by demand and supply
一个市场是什么
- 一个市场(market)是买方和卖方相遇进行交易的任何地方或系统。
- 它不必是一个物理的地方——网店、证券交易所和劳动力市场都算。
一个证券交易所是一种市场——买方和卖方相遇,价格由需求和供给设定
How markets allocate resources · 市场如何配置资源
Price moves to where demand meets supply. That equilibrium price signals firms what to produce and rations goods to buyers. · 价格移动到需求遇到供给的地方。那个均衡价格向企业发信号生产什么,并把物品配给给买方。
A rising price signals producers to: · 一个上升的价格向生产者发信号:
Higher prices act as an incentive to supply more. · 更高的价格充当一个激励去供给更多。
Prices ration scarce goods to those willing and able to pay. · 价格把稀缺的物品配给给愿意且有能力付款的人。
Rationing is one of the key functions of the price mechanism. · 配给是价格机制的关键功能之一。
The system by which prices allocate resources is the price . · 价格配置资源所通过的系统是价格。
The price mechanism signals, incentivises and rations. · 价格机制发信号、激励并配给。
The price mechanism 价格机制
- Prices send signals 信号: a high price says "make more"; a low price says "make less".
- Prices act as an incentive 激励 and they ration 配给 scarce goods to those willing to pay.
Worked example. A bad harvest cuts the coffee supply. The price rises, which rations the smaller crop and signals farmers to plant more next year. No central planner is needed.
价格机制
- 价格发送信号(signals):一个高价说"制造更多";一个低价说"制造更少"。
- 价格充当一个激励(incentive),并把稀缺的物品配给(ration)给愿意付款的人。
例题。 一次歉收削减咖啡供给。价格上升,这配给较小的收成并向农民发信号明年种植更多。不需要中央计划者。
Match each question to how a market answers it. · 把每个问题匹配到一个市场如何回答它。
Prices and profit coordinate the three questions. · 价格和利润协调这三个问题。
Answering the three questions
- What to produce → whatever consumers will pay for.
- How to produce → the cheapest method, to maximise profit.
- For whom → those with the income and willingness to buy.
回答三个问题
- 生产什么 → 消费者愿意付款的任何东西。
- 如何生产 → 最便宜的方法,以最大化利润。
- 为谁 → 有收入和购买意愿的人。
You've got it
- a market is where buyers and sellers trade (not always a physical place)
- the price mechanism signals, incentivises and rations
- markets answer what, how, for whom through prices and profit
你掌握了
- 一个市场是买方和卖方交易的地方(不总是一个物理的地方)
- 价格机制发信号、激励并配给
- 市场通过价格和利润回答生产什么、如何生产、为谁生产