The New Deal · 新政
Three aims, in the CED's order
- Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal attempted to end the Great Depression by using government power to provide relief to the poor, stimulate recovery, and reform the American economy.
- Relief, recovery, reform — three aims on three timescales: immediate, medium, and permanent.
- Attempted again, and 7.10's third bullet will say plainly that it did not end the Depression.
三个目标,按 CED 的顺序
- 富兰克林·罗斯福的新政试图通过运用政府权力向穷人提供救济、刺激复苏并改革美国经济,来终结大萧条。
- 救济、复苏、改革——三个目标处在三种时间尺度上:即时的、中期的与长久的。
- 又一次是试图,而 7.10 的第三条要点会平实地说它并未终结大萧条。
Put the New Deal's three aims in the CED's order. · 把新政的三个目标按 CED 的顺序排列。
Three timescales: immediate, medium, permanent. · 三种时间尺度:即时的、中期的、长久的。
Pushed from one side, limited from the other
- Radical, union, and populist movements pushed Roosevelt toward more extensive efforts to change the American economic system, while conservatives in Congress and the Supreme Court sought to limit the New Deal's scope.
- The CED puts Roosevelt between two pressures, which is a more accurate picture than a single reforming will.
- The Supreme Court appears as a limiting institution, which 4.2 established could decide what the Constitution permits.
一侧推动,另一侧限制
- 激进派、工会与民粹派运动推动罗斯福作出更广泛的努力来改变美国经济体系,而国会与最高法院中的保守派则力图限制新政的范围。
- CED 把罗斯福置于两种压力之间,这比一个单一的改革意志更准确。
- 最高法院作为一个限制性机构出现,而 4.2 已确立它可以裁定宪法允许什么。
Select both · 两者 directions of pressure on Roosevelt. · 选出施加于罗斯福的两个方向的压力。
The CED puts Roosevelt between two pressures. · CED 把罗斯福置于两种压力之间。
Three legacies, and an honest verdict
- Although the New Deal did not end the Depression, it left a legacy of reforms and regulatory agencies and fostered a long-term political realignment in which many ethnic groups, African Americans, and working-class communities identified with the Democratic Party.
- Did not end the Depression is the CED's own verdict, stated first — an answer must carry it.
- Three legacies: reforms, regulatory agencies, and a long-term political realignment naming three constituencies.
三项遗产,以及一个诚实的判断
- 尽管新政并未终结大萧条,它留下了一批改革与监管机构的遗产,并促成了一次长期的政治重组,其中许多族裔群体、非裔美国人与工人阶级社群认同民主党。
- 并未终结大萧条是 CED 自己的判断,而且被放在最前面——答案必须承载它。
- 三项遗产:改革、监管机构,以及一次点出三个选民群体的长期政治重组。
Sort the New Deal by what each measure was for · 按各项措施的目的整理新政
Relief, recovery and reform answer different questions, and only reform was meant to outlast the crisis. · 救济、复兴与改革回答不同的问题,只有改革意在超越这场危机而长存。
The CED states plainly that the New Deal did not end the Depression. · CED 平实地陈述新政并未终结大萧条。
And it puts that first in the sentence. · 而且它把这一点放在句子的最前面。
"The New Deal did not end the Depression" is the CED's own verdict, and it comes first in the sentence. What it did leave was a legacy of reforms and regulatory agencies and a long-term political realignment — an answer that claims the New Deal ended the Depression contradicts the CED directly.
"新政并未终结大萧条"是 CED 自己的判断,而且它出现在句子的最前面。它确实留下的是一批改革与监管机构的遗产,以及一次长期的政治重组——声称新政终结了大萧条的答案,与 CED 直接矛盾。
Select all · 所有 three constituencies in the long-term realignment. · 选出这次长期重组中的全部三个选民群体。
They identified with the Democratic Party. · 他们认同民主党。
And people kept moving
- The increased demand for war production and labour during World War II and the economic difficulties of the 1930s led many Americans to migrate to urban centres in search of economic opportunities.
- Two causes, one movement: the difficulties of the 1930s and war production demand both pushed people toward cities.
- So 7.6's wartime pull repeats a generation later, with a depression added to it.
而人们持续在迁移
- 第二次世界大战期间对战争生产与劳动力需求的增加,以及 1930 年代的经济困难,促使许多美国人迁往城市中心寻找经济机会。
- 两项成因,一场移动:1930 年代的困难与战争生产的需求都把人推向城市。
- 因此 7.6 的战时拉力在一代人之后重演,并加上了一场萧条。
Select both · 两者 causes of migration to cities in this period. · 选出这一时期向城市迁移的两项成因。
7.6's wartime pull repeats, with a depression added. · 7.6 的战时拉力重演,并加上了一场萧条。
Impact over time
- The objective is how the Great Depression and the New Deal impacted American political, social, and economic life over time.
- Political: a long-term realignment toward the Democratic Party among three named constituencies.
- Social: migration to cities. Economic: regulatory agencies and a limited welfare state — with the Depression not ended by them.
随时间的影响
- 这一目标是大萧条与新政如何随时间影响了美国的政治、社会与经济生活。
- 政治上:三个被点名的选民群体向民主党的长期重组。
- 社会上:向城市的迁移。经济上:监管机构与一个有限的福利国家——而大萧条并未被它们终结。
A programme can fail at its stated goal and still change a country permanently, if what it builds outlasts the emergency it was built for. Judging it only by the goal misses most of what it did.
一项计划可以在它所宣称的目标上失败,却仍然永久地改变一个国家,只要它所建造之物比它所应对的那场紧急状态活得更久。只用那个目标来评判它,会错过它所做之事的大部分。
Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal attempted to end the Great Depression by using government power to provide relief to the poor, stimulate recovery, and reform the American economy. Radical, union, and populist movements pushed Roosevelt toward more extensive efforts... while conservatives in Congress and the Supreme Court sought to limit the New Deal's scope. Although the New Deal did not end the Depression, it left a legacy of reforms and regulatory agencies and fostered a long-term political realignment in which many ethnic groups, African Americans, and working-class communities identified with the Democratic Party.
富兰克林·罗斯福的新政试图通过运用政府权力向穷人提供救济、刺激复苏并改革美国经济,来终结大萧条。 激进派、工会与民粹派运动推动罗斯福作出更广泛的努力……而国会与最高法院中的保守派则力图限制新政的范围。 尽管新政并未终结大萧条,它留下了一批改革与监管机构的遗产,并促成了一次长期的政治重组,其中许多族裔群体、非裔美国人与工人阶级社群认同民主党。