Technology and Production · 技术与生产
One short claim, two inputs
- Businesses made use of technological innovations and greater access to natural resources to dramatically increase the production of goods.
- Two inputs — innovations and access to natural resources — and one outcome, stated as dramatically.
- Made use of puts the agency with businesses: technology did not produce the increase by itself.
一句简短的主张,两项投入
- 企业利用技术创新与更便利的自然资源获取,大幅提高了商品的产量。
- 两项投入——创新与自然资源的获取——以及一项结果,被表述为大幅。
- 利用把能动性放在企业一侧:技术并没有自行产生这一增长。
Select both · 两者 inputs the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的两项投入。
'Made use of' puts the agency with businesses. · "利用"把能动性放在企业一侧。
Where the resources came from
- 6.2's discovery of mineral resources and the transcontinental railroads are the access the CED means.
- So western settlement is not a separate story from industrial growth; it is its supply chain.
- That connection is worth one sentence in any answer about either subtopic.
资源从何而来
- 6.2 中矿产资源的发现与横贯大陆的铁路,正是 CED 所指的那种获取。
- 因此西部定居不是与工业增长分开的故事;它是工业增长的供应链。
- 在关于其中任何一个小节的答案里,这层联系都值得写上一句。
Western settlement relates to industrial growth as its... · 西部定居与工业增长的关系是它的……
6.2's mineral discoveries and railroads are the access meant. · 6.2 的矿产发现与铁路正是所指的那种获取。
Effects over time is the objective's frame
- The objective is the effects of technological advances in the development of the United States over time.
- Over time licenses reaching back to 4.5's market revolution and forward to the scale of the 1890s.
- So the answer is a trajectory: efficiency, then integration, then concentration.
随时间的效果是这一目标的框架
- 这一目标是技术进步在美国发展中随时间产生的效果。
- 随时间允许向后回溯到 4.5 的市场革命,并向前延伸到 1890 年代的规模。
- 因此答案是一条轨迹:先是效率,继而是整合,再是集中。
Follow technology into corporate scale · 从技术一路走到企业规模
New technology alone does not produce a trust — the corporate form and a national market do the rest. · 仅有新技术不会产生托拉斯——公司形式与全国性市场才做完了后面的事。
A technological answer that stops at machines misses... · 一个止于机器的技术性答案会错过……
New ways of raising and managing capital. · 筹集与管理资本的新方式。
"Made use of" puts the agency with businesses. Technology and resources were inputs; a dramatic increase in the production of goods was the result of what firms did with them — and that increase is what forced the new financial and management structures of 6.6.
**"利用"把能动性放在企业一侧。**技术与资源是投入;商品产量的大幅提高是企业如何使用它们的结果——而正是这一增长,迫使了 6.6 中新的金融与管理结构的出现。
Put the trajectory 'over time' in order. · 把"随时间"的这条轨迹排序。
Reaching back to 4.5 and forward to the 1890s. · 向后回溯到 4.5,向前延伸到 1890 年代。
Why volume changes the structure
- A dramatic increase in output requires capital, and capital at that scale requires new ways of raising and managing it.
- 6.6's redesigned financial and management structures and trusts and holding companies are the consequence.
- So a technological answer that stops at machines has stopped one step before the effect that mattered most.
产量为何改变结构
- 产量的大幅提高需要资本,而那种规模的资本需要新的筹集与管理方式。
- 6.6 的重新设计的金融与管理结构以及托拉斯与控股公司,正是其后果。
- 因此一个止于机器的技术性答案,在最重要的那项效果之前一步就停下了。
6.5 has a single Historical Development, so its material comes from its ____. · 6.5 只有一条历史发展,因此它的材料来自它的 ____。
6.2, 6.6 and 6.7. · 6.2、6.6 与 6.7。
Writing a one-bullet subtopic
- 6.5 has a single Historical Development, so the material comes from its neighbours — 6.2, 6.6 and 6.7.
- State the claim, name the resource source, and follow the output increase into its structural consequences.
- Three sentences, and the connections are what make them worth reading.
书写一个只有一条要点的小节
- 6.5 只有一条历史发展,因此材料来自它的邻居——6.2、6.6 与 6.7。
- 陈述这一主张、点出资源来源,并把产量的增长一路追到它的结构性后果。
- 三句话,而那些连接正是使它们值得一读的东西。
A furnace that can produce ten times as much steel is useless without ore, a railway, a buyer and a way to finance the wait between them. The furnace is the easy part; the other four are the industry.
一座能生产十倍钢的高炉,若没有矿石、没有铁路、没有买家,也没有为其间的等待融资的办法,便毫无用处。高炉是容易的那部分;另外四样才是这个行业。
Businesses made use of technological innovations and greater access to natural resources to dramatically increase the production of goods. The resources came from 6.2's discovery of mineral resources and transcontinental railroads, so western settlement is industrial growth's supply chain; and the increase in output is what forced 6.6's redesigned financial and management structures and trusts and holding companies.
企业利用技术创新与更便利的自然资源获取,大幅提高了商品的产量。资源来自 6.2 中矿产资源的发现与横贯大陆的铁路,因此西部定居是工业增长的供应链;而产量的增长正是迫使 6.6 中重新设计的金融与管理结构以及托拉斯与控股公司出现的东西。