Consolidation · 整合
More production is different from more concentrated control
- A firm can raise output through marketing and coordination. A merger can concentrate ownership even without an immediate output increase.
- Industrial development and consolidation are related outcomes but distinct claims. Evidence about output does not by itself show who controls the firms.
Four things produced rapid development
- Large-scale industrial production — accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, pro-growth government policies — generated rapid economic development and business consolidation. Pro-growth government policies sits in the same list as private technology, which matters for 6.12's laissez-faire debate.
- And the outcome is two things: rapid development and business consolidation, which are not the same and do not always go together.
Select all · 所有 three things the CED says accompanied large-scale production. · 选择所有三个CED指出的伴随大规模生产出现的事物。
The third matters for 6.12's laissez-faire debate. · 第三点对于 6.12 的自由放任辩论很重要。
Three business innovations
- Businesses made use of redesigned financial and management structures, advances in marketing, and a growing labour force to dramatically increase the production of goods. None of these three is a machine — they are organisation, selling, and people.
- So the industrial revolution of this period is as much administrative as mechanical, which is the point 6.5 set up.
Select all · 所有 three business innovations the CED names. · 选择所有三个CED命名的商业创新。
None of them is a machine. · 它们都不是机器。
Trusts concentrated wealth
- Many business leaders sought increased profits by consolidating corporations into large trusts and holding companies, which further concentrated wealth. The CED states the motive (increased profits), the method (trusts and holding companies), and the effect (concentrated wealth).
- Further implies wealth was already concentrating, which 6.7 will state directly as a growing gap.
A driver, a business innovation, or a consequence? · 是一个驱动因素、一项商业创新，还是一个后果？
Sort each element of consolidation. · 对整合的每个要素进行排序。
Match each part of the trust sentence to its role. · 将信托句子的每一部分与其作用相匹配。
'Further' implies wealth was already concentrating. · ‘进一步’暗示财富此前已在集中。
None of the CED's three business innovations is a machine. Redesigned financial and management structures, advances in marketing, and a growing labour force are organisation, selling and people — so this industrial revolution is as much administrative as mechanical.
Select all · 所有 three regions businesses looked to. · 选择所有三个企业寻求的地区。
For markets and natural resources — 6.5's two inputs. · 针对市场和自然资源——6.5 的两个投入。
And they looked abroad
- Businesses increasingly looked outside U.S. borders in an effort to gain greater influence and control over markets and natural resources in the Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin America. Three regions named, and the objects are markets and natural resources — the same two inputs 6.5 identified.
- 6.12 gives the same sentence to foreign policymakers, so business and state are described as looking in the same direction.
Select both · 两者 outcomes the CED gives for large-scale production. · 选择CED给出的大规模生产的两个结果。
They are not the same and do not always go together. · 它们并非同一事物，也不总是同时发生。
Socioeconomic continuities and changes
- The objective, shared with 6.7, is the socioeconomic continuities and changes associated with the growth of industrial capitalism. 6.6 supplies the structural half: scale, organisation, consolidation, and overseas reach.
- 6.7 supplies the human half: wages, living standards, the wealth gap, unions and child labour.
Two firms with identical machines can differ in output if one has solved how to finance its inventory, coordinate its plants and reach its customers. Financing, coordination and customer access can matter alongside technology.
Carry the reasoning to a new case
- Build a chain with motive, method and effect: seeking profits, consolidating corporations, concentrating wealth.
- Avoid treating the chain as a guarantee that every merger raises every participant's living standard.
Order the lesson's consolidation argument from motive to method to effect.
The order explains a historical causal claim; production growth and ownership concentration are not identical.
Large-scale industrial production — accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, pro-growth government policies — generated rapid economic development and business consolidation. Businesses used redesigned financial and management structures, advances in marketing, and a growing labour force; many business leaders sought increased profits by consolidating corporations into large trusts and holding companies, which further concentrated wealth; and they increasingly looked outside U.S. borders... in the Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin America.