Capital, Migration, Reform · 资本、迁移、改革
Three claims for the Gilded Age
- Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.
- The migrations that accompanied industrialisation transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change.
- The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.
镀金时代的三项主张
- 技术进步、大规模生产方式与新市场的开辟,促进了美国工业资本主义的兴起。
- 伴随工业化而来的迁徙,改变了美国的城市与乡村地区,并造成了剧烈的社会与文化变化。
- 镀金时代产生了新的文化与思想运动、公共改革努力,以及关于经济与社会政策的政治辩论。
Select all · 所有 three causes of industrial capitalism the CED names. · 选择CED命名的工业资本主义的所有三个成因。
'Encouraged' is a modest verb. · '鼓励'是一个温和的动词。
Three causes, none sufficient alone
- Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets — and encouraged is a modest verb.
- The second is not a machine but a method, the same distinction 4.5 drew about interchangeable parts.
- The third connects to 6.2's government subsidies and to 6.6's businesses looking beyond U.S. borders.
三项成因,单独任何一项都不充分
- 技术进步、大规模生产方式与新市场的开辟——而促进是一个有分寸的动词。
- 第二项不是一台机器,而是一种方法,与 4.5 就可互换零件所作的区分相同。
- 第三项与 6.2 的政府补贴,以及 6.6 中企业向美国国界之外的张望相连。
Large-scale production methods are... · 大规模生产方法是...
The same distinction 4.5 drew about interchangeable parts. · 4.5关于可互换零件所做的同样区分。
Migration touched both city and country
- Transformed both urban and rural areas — the CED refuses to make this only an urban story.
- 6.2 and 6.3 are the rural half (railroads, mining, farming, ranching); 6.8 is the urban half.
- Dramatic social and cultural change is unusually strong CED language, and it licenses a bold answer.
迁徙同时触及城市与乡村
- 改变了城市与乡村地区两者——CED 拒绝把这写成一个只关乎城市的故事。
- 6.2 与 6.3 是乡村的那一半(铁路、采矿、务农、牧牛);6.8 是城市的那一半。
- 剧烈的社会与文化变化对 CED 而言是异常强烈的措辞,而它允许一个大胆的答案。
Which of unit 6's threads? · 属于第6单元的哪些线索？
Sort each statement into its thread. · 将每个陈述归类到其所属线索。
Select both · 两者 kinds of area migration transformed. · 选择CED指出的移民转变的两类区域。
An answer describing only cities drops half the claim. · 仅描述城市的回答会遗漏一半的主张。
The CED refuses to make industrialisation only an urban story. Migration transformed both urban and rural areas — 6.2 and 6.3 are the rural half and 6.8 the urban half, and an answer that describes only cities has dropped half of a claim.
CED 拒绝把工业化写成一个只关乎城市的故事。迁徙改变了城市与乡村地区两者——6.2 与 6.3 是乡村的那一半,6.8 是城市的那一半,而只描述城市的答案,丢掉了一项主张的一半。
Select all · 所有 three kinds of response the Gilded Age produced. · 选择镀金时代产生的所有三种回应。
Each gets its own subtopics. · 每项都有各自的小节。
And the reaction is a thread of its own
- New cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.
- Three kinds of response, and each gets subtopics: intellectual (6.9's Social Darwinism, 6.10's Gospel of Wealth), reform (6.11), political (6.12, 6.13).
- So the Gilded Age in this course is defined as much by its critics as by its capital.
而反应本身是一条独立的线索
- 新的文化与思想运动、公共改革努力,以及关于经济与社会政策的政治辩论。
- 三类回应,而每一类都有其小节:思想的(6.9 的社会达尔文主义、6.10 的财富福音)、改革的(6.11)、政治的(6.12、6.13)。
- 因此本课程中的镀金时代,既由它的资本所定义,也同样由它的批评者所定义。
This context is the Civil War's economic . · 这个背景是内战的经济的。
Wartime capacity, federal support for transport, and an enlarged workforce. · 战时能力、联邦对交通的支持以及扩大的劳动力。
Writing the historical context
- The objective's phrase is the historical context for the rise of industrial capitalism.
- Conditions: 5.8's wartime industrial capacity, 5.2's federal support for western transportation, and a labour force enlarged by migration.
- Each is a thing unit 5 produced, which makes this context the war's economic afterlife.
书写历史语境
- 这一目标的措辞是工业资本主义兴起的历史语境。
- 条件:5.8 的战时工业能力、5.2 中联邦对西部交通的支持,以及一支因迁徙而扩大的劳动力。
- 每一项都是第五单元所产生之物,这使这一语境成为那场战争的经济来世。
A railway built to carry ore also carries settlers to a plain, wheat back to a port, and a price list that decides what a distant farm is worth. One piece of infrastructure changes a city and a county at the same time.
一条为运矿石而修建的铁路,同样把定居者送到平原、把小麦运回港口,并带来一张决定一座遥远农场值多少钱的价目表。同一段基础设施同时改变了一座城市与一个乡村。
Unit 6 opens three claims: technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism; the migrations that accompanied industrialisation transformed both urban and rural areas... and caused dramatic social and cultural change; and the Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.
第六单元开启三项主张:技术进步、大规模生产方式与新市场的开辟,促进了工业资本主义的兴起;伴随工业化而来的迁徙,改变了城市与乡村地区两者……并造成了剧烈的社会与文化变化;以及镀金时代产生了新的文化与思想运动、公共改革努力,以及关于经济与社会政策的政治辩论。