Comparing the Regions · 地区比较
The objective's verb is 'compare'
- Compare the effects of the development of colonial society in the various regions of North America.
- A comparison needs a basis — the same question asked of each region, not a paragraph each.
- The CED's own bases are ready-made: labour, economy, settlement pattern, government, and relations with native peoples.
这一目标的动词是"比较"
- 比较北美各区域殖民地社会发展所产生的效应。
- 一次比较需要一个基准——对每个区域提出同一个问题,而不是每个区域写一段。
- CED 自己的基准是现成的:劳动、经济、定居模式、政府,以及与原住民各族的关系。
A comparison needs... · 一次比较需要...
The CED's own bases are ready-made. · CED 自身的比较基础已具备。
Labour is the sharpest basis
- New England: relatively few enslaved labourers on small family farms.
- Chesapeake and southern coast: plantations with large numbers of enslaved workers, and often an enslaved majority in the far south.
- One question, four different answers, and every one of them is in the CED's own text.
劳动是最锐利的基准
- 新英格兰:小型家庭农场上相对较少的被奴役劳工。
- 切萨皮克与南部沿海:拥有大量被奴役劳工的种植园,而在最南部往往是被奴役者占多数。
- 一个问题,四种不同的答案,而其中每一个都在 CED 自己的文本里。
Match each region to how power was exercised. · 将每个地区与其行使权力的方式相匹配。
Both are self-government; the difference is the evidence. · 两者都是自治；区别在于证据。
Government is the second basis
- New England: participatory town meetings electing colonial legislatures.
- Southern colonies: elite planters exercising local authority and dominating elected assemblies.
- Both are self-government, and comparing them without noticing the difference wastes the strongest evidence available.
政府是第二个基准
- 新英格兰:有广泛参与的市镇大会选出殖民地议会。
- 南部殖民地:精英种植园主行使地方权威并主导选举产生的议会。
- 两者都是自治,而在比较时不注意其差别,就浪费了可用的最有力证据。
A basis of comparison, a difference, or a similarity? · 是比较的基础、差异还是相似点？
Sort each element of a regional comparison. · 对地区比较的每个要素进行分类。
Select both · 两者 similarities across the British regions. · 选择英国各地区之间的两个相似点。
The regions differ in degree and form, not in presence. · 各地区的差异在于程度和形式，而非有无。
A comparison needs a basis, not a paragraph per region. Ask the same question — labour, economy, settlement, government, relations with native peoples — of each region, and end on which difference mattered most; that sentence is what turns a table into an argument.
一次比较需要一个基准,而不是每个区域写一段。对每个区域提出同一个问题——劳动、经济、定居、政府、与原住民各族的关系——并以哪一项差别最重要收尾;正是那句话把一张表格变成了一个论证。
The sentence that turns a table into an argument says which difference ____ most. · 将表格转化为论点的句子指出了哪个差异______最重要。
The CED asks for effects, so end on a consequence. · CED 要求的是影响，因此结尾应落在后果上。
And a similarity worth stating
- Every British region participated in the Atlantic slave trade to varying degrees, and every one built self-governing institutions.
- So the regions differ in degree and form, not in whether these features were present.
- A comparison that finds a genuine similarity as well as differences is stronger than one that only contrasts.
以及一个值得指出的相似之处
- 每一个英属区域都在不同程度上参与了大西洋奴隶贸易,而每一个都建立了自治机构。
- 因此各区域的差别在于程度与形态,而不在于这些特征是否存在。
- 一次既找到真正相似之处又找到差异的比较,比只作对照的比较更有力。
Each comparison should end on... · 每次比较都应以...结尾
The objective asks about effects. · 目标涉及影响。
Writing a comparison
- Choose two regions and two bases, and give four statements plus one sentence saying which difference mattered most.
- The which mattered most sentence is what turns a table into an argument.
- The CED asks for effects, so end each comparison on a consequence, not on a description.
书写一次比较
- 选择两个区域与两个基准,给出四句陈述,再加一句说明哪一项差别最重要。
- 哪一项最重要这句话,正是把一张表格变成一个论证的东西。
- CED 要求的是效应,因此每一次比较都要以一项后果收尾,而不是以一段描述。
Two colonies both hold elections and both hold people in bondage. Writing that down twice is a description. Saying which of those two facts made the two places diverge, and why, is a comparison.
两块殖民地都举行选举,也都以奴役的方式扣押着人。把这一点写两遍,是一段描述。说出这两项事实中的哪一项使这两地分道扬镳,以及为什么,才是一次比较。
Compare the effects of the development of colonial society in the various regions of North America — using the CED's own bases: labour (New England's few enslaved labourers against an enslaved majority in the far south), economy (mixed, cereal export, tobacco, plantation cash crops), government (participatory town meetings against elite planters dominating elected assemblies), and relations with native peoples. Note a similarity too: every region participated to varying degrees and every one built self-governing institutions.
比较北美各区域殖民地社会发展所产生的效应——使用 CED 自己的基准:劳动(新英格兰较少的被奴役劳工,对比最南部被奴役者占多数)、经济(混合经济、谷物出口、烟草、种植园经济作物)、政府(有广泛参与的市镇大会对比主导选举产生之议会的精英种植园主),以及与原住民各族的关系。也要点出一项相似:每个区域都在不同程度上参与,且每个区域都建立了自治机构。