Becoming English, and Objecting · 变得英国化,以及提出反对
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization/ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈkɒləniz ekˈspɪərɪənst ə ˈɡrædʒuːəl ˌæŋɡlɪsaɪˈzeɪʃn/ | 英国化 | yīng guó huà |
Pluralism, then two intellectual movements
- The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas.
- The CED gives a base — pluralism from composition — and then two things that enhanced it.
- So the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment are described as amplifiers of an existing openness, not its origin.
多元,随后是两场思想运动
- 不同欧洲宗教与族群的存在,促成了相当程度的多元与思想交流,而第一次大觉醒运动与欧洲启蒙观念的传播,后来又强化了这一点。
- CED 给出了一个基础——源自人口构成的多元——然后给出两样强化了它的东西。
- 因此大觉醒运动与启蒙运动被描述为一种既有开放性的放大器,而不是它的起源。
The Great Awakening and Enlightenment ideas are described as... · 大觉醒运动与启蒙观念被描述为……
The base was composition; these amplified it. · 基础是人口构成;这些放大了它。
Anglicisation, by three routes
- The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization 英国化 over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from intercolonial commercial ties, the emergence of a transatlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism.
- Note the paradox in the sentence: the communities are autonomous and yet based on English models.
- Three routes are named — commerce, print, and religion — and none of them is government policy.
经由三条途径的英国化
- 英国化(Anglicization),在英格兰模式的基础上发展出自主的政治共同体,并受到殖民地之间商业联系、跨大西洋印刷文化的兴起,以及新教福音主义传播的影响。
- 注意这句话里的悖论:这些共同体是自主的,却又建立在英格兰模式之上。
- 点出了三条途径——商业、印刷与宗教——而其中没有一条是政府政策。
Select all · 所有 three routes of Anglicisation the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的全部三条英国化途径。
None of them is government policy. · 其中没有一条是政府政策。
Interests diverged, and mistrust grew
- The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic.
- Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defence, self-rule, and trade.
- On both sides again — the CED insists that mistrust was mutual, not a colonial attitude toward a passive Britain.
利益分歧,不信任滋长
- 欧洲领导人与殖民者的目标与利益时有分歧,导致大西洋两岸的不信任不断滋长。
- 殖民者,尤其是在英属北美,对领土安排、边疆防务、自治与贸易等问题表达了不满。
- 又是两岸——CED 坚持不信任是相互的,而不是殖民地对一个被动英国的态度。
Follow colonial society into objection · 从殖民地社会走到抗议
Self-government built up over a century is what made the tightening after 1763 intolerable. · 一个世纪里积累起来的自治,正是 1763 年后收紧不可忍受的原因。
Select all · 所有 the issues colonists expressed dissatisfaction over. · 选出殖民者表达不满的所有问题。
And the CED says mistrust grew on both · 两者 sides. · 而 CED 说不信任在两岸都在滋长。
Four of the five sources of resistance were supplied by Anglicisation itself. English political models, a transatlantic print culture, Protestant evangelicalism and Enlightenment thought made the colonies more English and gave colonists the standard by which they judged imperial control.
**抵抗的五个来源中,有四个正是由英国化本身所提供。**英格兰的政治模式、跨大西洋的印刷文化、新教福音主义与启蒙思想,既使各殖民地更加英国化,也给了殖民者据以评判帝国控制的标准。
Select all · 所有 the sources of colonial resistance the CED lists. · 选出 CED 所列的所有殖民地抵抗来源。
Four of five were supplied by Anglicisation itself. · 五者中有四者正是英国化本身所提供。
Five sources of resistance
- Colonists' resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self-government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system.
- Five sources, and four of them are things Anglicisation itself supplied — English political models, print, Protestantism, Enlightenment ideas.
- That is why 2.1's second claim holds: the bond and the objection grew from the same soil.
抵抗的五个来源
- 殖民者对帝国控制的抵抗,汲取自地方自治的经验、不断演进的自由观念、启蒙运动的政治思想、更大的宗教独立与多样性,以及一套批评帝国体系中所谓腐败的意识形态。
- 五个来源,而其中四个正是英国化本身所提供之物——英格兰的政治模式、印刷、新教、启蒙观念。
- 这正是 2.1 第二项主张成立的原因:联系与反对生长在同一片土壤上。
The colonies developed ____ political communities based on English models. · 各殖民地在英格兰模式的基础上发展出 ____ 的政治共同体。
The paradox inside the CED's own sentence. · CED 自己那句话里的悖论。
Two objectives, one mechanism
- 2.7 asks how movement of people and ideas contributed to American culture and how differing goals affected how colonists viewed themselves and Britain.
- One mechanism answers both: shared institutions and ideas produced both a common culture and a shared standard for judging the empire.
- State that mechanism once, then illustrate it on each side.
两个目标,一个机制
- 2.7 追问人与观念的流动如何促成了美利坚文化,以及目标的分歧如何影响了殖民者对自身及对英国的看法。
- 一个机制回答两者:共享的制度与观念,既产生了一种共同文化,也产生了一套评判帝国的共同标准。
- 把这个机制陈述一次,然后在两侧各举例说明。
Teach a community your law, sell it your books, and share its faith, and you have made it more like you. You have also handed it every phrase it will need when it writes down what you are doing wrong.
把你的法律教给一个共同体、把你的书卖给它、与它共享信仰,你就使它变得更像你。而你同时也把它日后写下你哪里做错了时所需要的每一句话,都交到了它手上。
Different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to pluralism and intellectual exchange, later enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas, and the British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization... developing autonomous political communities based on English models through intercolonial commercial ties, a transatlantic print culture, and Protestant evangelicalism. Goals and interests at times diverged, leading to growing mistrust on both sides, and resistance drew on local experiences of self-government, evolving ideas of liberty, Enlightenment political thought, religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption.
不同的欧洲宗教与族群促成了多元与思想交流,后来又被第一次大觉醒运动与欧洲启蒙观念的传播所强化,而英属殖民地经历了逐步的英国化……在英格兰模式的基础上发展出自主的政治共同体,途径是殖民地之间的商业联系、跨大西洋的印刷文化,以及新教福音主义。目标与利益时有分歧,导致两岸不信任不断滋长,而抵抗汲取自地方自治的经验、不断演进的自由观念、启蒙政治思想、宗教独立与多样性,以及一套批评所谓腐败的意识形态。