Slavery in the British Colonies · 大不列颠殖民地的奴隶制
Three causes, stated together
- All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants.
- Three causes: abundant land, growing demand, and a shortage of indentured servants — the last explains the timing of the change in 2.3.
- All... to varying degrees is the CED's own framing: participation was universal, its scale was not.
被一并陈述的三项成因
- 所有英属殖民地都因土地的富足、欧洲对殖民地商品需求的增长,以及契约仆役的短缺,而在不同程度上参与了大西洋奴隶贸易。
- 三项成因:土地富足、需求增长,以及契约仆役的短缺——最后一项解释了 2.3 中那次转变的时间点。
- 所有……在不同程度上是 CED 自己的表述:参与是普遍的,而其规模不是。
Select all · 所有 three causes the CED gives. · 选择 CED 给出的所有三个原因。
The third explains the timing of 2.3's change. · 第三点解释了 2.3 转变的时间。
Four regional scales
- Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved labourers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southern Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies.
- Four figures in one sentence, and the last is the largest: the great majority... to the West Indies.
- So a colonial answer that describes only the mainland South has understated the system's actual centre of mass.
四种区域规模
- 新英格兰的小农场使用的被奴役劳工相对较少,所有港口城市都有相当比例的被奴役者,切萨皮克与南大西洋沿岸新兴的种植园体系拥有大量被奴役劳工,而绝大多数被奴役的非洲人被送往西印度群岛。
- 一句话里有四个量级,而最后一个最大:绝大多数……被送往西印度群岛。
- 因此只描述北美大陆南部的答案,低估了这一体系实际的重心所在。
The great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to... · 绝大多数被奴役的非洲人被送往...
An answer describing only the mainland South understates the system. · 仅描述大陆南部的答案低估了该制度。
Law made the system racial and hereditary
- As chattel slavery became the dominant labour system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity.
- New laws created — the CED says the racial system was made, by legislation, not inherited from custom.
- In perpetuity and descent through the mother are the two legal devices that made the status hereditary.
法律使这一体系成为种族性的与世袭的
- 随着动产奴隶制成为许多南部殖民地占主导的劳动制度,新的法律建立起一套严格的种族体系,禁止跨种族关系,并把非裔美国人母亲的后代永久地界定为黑人与被奴役者。
- 新的法律建立起——CED 说这套种族体系是被制造出来的,由立法所造,而不是从习俗继承而来。
- 永久地与通过母亲传递的血统,是使这一身份成为世袭的两项法律装置。
A cause, a legal device, or a form of response? · 是一种原因、法律手段还是一种回应形式？
Sort each element the CED names. · 对 CED 提到的每个要素进行分类。
Select both · 两者 things the new laws did, per the CED. · 根据 CED，选择新法律所做的两件事。
The racial system was made by legislation. · 种族制度是通过立法确立的。
The CED counts covert resistance as resistance. Enslaved Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanising nature of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion — so an answer that looks only for revolts has used a narrower definition than the CED's.
CED 把隐蔽的抵抗也算作抵抗。被奴役的非洲人发展出公开的与隐蔽的两种手段,以抵抗奴隶制非人化的本质,并维系他们的家庭与性别体系、文化与宗教——因此只寻找起义的答案,使用了比 CED 更窄的定义。
Select all · 所有 the things enslaved Africans maintained, per the CED. · 选择 CED 指出的被奴役非洲人保留的所有事物。
Resistance as preservation, not only opposition. · 抵抗既是保存，也是反抗。
How enslaved people responded
- Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanising nature of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion.
- Both overt and covert — the CED refuses to count only visible revolt as resistance.
- And it names what was maintained: family and gender systems, culture, religion — resistance as preservation, not only opposition.
被奴役者如何回应
- 非洲人发展出公开的与隐蔽的两种手段,以抵抗奴隶制非人化的本质,并维系他们的家庭与性别体系、文化与宗教。
- 公开的与隐蔽的——CED 拒绝只把看得见的起义算作抵抗。
- 而且它点出了被维系之物:家庭与性别体系、文化、宗教——抵抗是保全,而不只是对抗。
2.6 carries two objectives that need separate paragraphs. · 2.6 包含两个需要分段论述的目标。
One about the system, one about the people held within it. · 一段关于制度，一段关于制度内的人。
Two objectives, kept apart
- 2.6 carries the causes and effects of slavery in the various British colonial regions and how enslaved people responded to slavery.
- The first is about the system; the second is about the people held within it, and they need separate paragraphs.
- Answering only the first leaves out the objective the CED wrote specifically to prevent that.
两个目标,分开处理
- 2.6 承载奴隶制在英属各殖民地区域的成因与效果,以及被奴役者如何回应奴隶制。
- 前者关乎这一体系;后者关乎被困于其中的人们,两者需要分开的段落。
- 只回答前者,就漏掉了 CED 专为防止这种情况而写下的那个目标。
A law that defines a child's status by its mother's has decided the next century in one clause. Nothing further needs to be enacted for the system to keep supplying itself, which is precisely why it was written that way.
一条以母亲的身份来界定孩子身份的法律,用一个条款决定了下一个世纪。这套体系无需再制定任何法令就能持续自我补充,而这正是它被这样写下来的原因。
All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants, with the great majority of enslaved Africans sent to the West Indies. New laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity. Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanising nature of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion.
所有英属殖民地都因土地的富足、欧洲对殖民地商品需求的增长,以及契约仆役的短缺,而在不同程度上参与了大西洋奴隶贸易,其中绝大多数被奴役的非洲人被送往西印度群岛。新的法律建立起一套严格的种族体系,禁止跨种族关系,并把非裔美国人母亲的后代永久地界定为黑人与被奴役者。 非洲人发展出公开的与隐蔽的两种手段,以抵抗奴隶制非人化的本质,并维系他们的家庭与性别体系、文化与宗教。