Three Ways to Hold a Colony · 持有殖民地的三种方式
Spain: institutions built on subjugation
- Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into Spanish colonial society.
- The CED's causal order is extraction → institutions: the economy determined the shape of the society.
- Incorporating is exact — the Spanish colonial society included the people it subjugated, in defined and unequal positions.
西班牙:建立在奴役之上的制度
- 西班牙人从土地上榨取财富的努力,使他们发展出一些制度,其基础是奴役原住民人口、使他们皈依基督教,并把他们连同被奴役与自由的非洲人一起纳入西班牙殖民地社会。
- CED 的因果顺序是榨取 → 制度:经济决定了社会的形态。
- 纳入很精确——西班牙殖民地社会把它所奴役的人们包含在内,置于被界定的、不平等的位置上。
The CED's causal order for the Spanish pattern is... · CED对西班牙模式的因果顺序是...
The economy determined the shape of the society. · 经济决定了社会的形态。
France and the Dutch: few people, many alliances
- French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other products for export to Europe.
- Relatively few Europeans is the decisive fact: a small population must trade rather than displace.
- So the pattern follows from the numbers, and the numbers follow from what the colony was for — furs, not farms.
法国与荷兰:人少,同盟多
- 法国与荷兰的殖民努力涉及的欧洲人相对较少,依靠与美洲印第安人的贸易同盟与通婚来建立经济与外交关系,并获取毛皮及其他产品输往欧洲。
- 欧洲人相对较少是决定性的事实:人口稀少的一方必须交易,而不是驱离。
- 因此这一模式由人数决定,而人数取决于这块殖民地是为什么而存在——毛皮,而不是农田。
The decisive fact about the French and Dutch colonies was... · 关于法荷殖民地的决定性事实是...
A small population must trade rather than displace. · 小人口必须通过贸易而非驱逐来生存。
England: many migrants, settled apart
- English colonisation efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions.
- These colonists focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately.
- Male and female matters: family migration produces population growth, which produces demand for more land.
英国:移民众多,分开定居
- 英国的殖民努力吸引了数量相对较多的英国男女移民,以及其他欧洲移民,他们都在寻求社会流动、经济繁荣、宗教自由与更好的生活条件。
- 这些殖民者以农业为中心,定居于从美洲原住民手中夺取的土地上,并与他们分开居住。
- 男女很重要:举家迁徙产生人口增长,而人口增长产生对更多土地的需求。
Spanish, French/Dutch, or English? · 西班牙、法/荷还是英国？
Sort each colonial pattern. · 对每种殖民模式进行分类。
Select all · 所有 the things English migrants sought, according to the CED. · 根据CED，选择英国移民寻求的所有内容。
Male and female migrants — family migration. · 男性和女性移民——家庭移民。
One question predicts all three patterns: what did the colony want, and how many people did it send? Extraction with a subject labour force; furs with relatively few Europeans and therefore alliances; land with a comparatively large number of male and female migrants and therefore separation.
一个问题就能预测这三种模式:这块殖民地想要什么,它派去了多少人?榨取需要被支配的劳动力;毛皮伴随着相对较少的欧洲人,因而需要同盟;土地伴随着数量相对较多的男女移民,因而导致分离。
English colonists settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived ____. · 英国殖民者占据了从美洲原住民手中夺取的土地定居下来，与他们____生活。
A different relationship from trade alliances and intermarriage. · 不同于贸易联盟和通婚的关系。
Why the three patterns diverged
- Spain wanted extraction, so it needed a subject labour force; France and the Dutch wanted furs, so they needed partners.
- England sent families seeking land, so it needed the land itself — which is why the CED says settled on land taken and lived separately.
- One sentence — what did the colony want, and how many people did it send? — predicts all three.
三种模式为何分道扬镳
- 西班牙想要榨取,因此它需要一支被支配的劳动力;法国与荷兰想要毛皮,因此他们需要伙伴。
- 英国派出的是寻求土地的家庭,因此它需要土地本身——这正是 CED 说定居于……夺取的土地上与分开居住的原因。
- 一句话——这块殖民地想要什么,它派去了多少人?——就能预测这三者。
Match each colony's purpose to the relationship it required. · 将每个殖民地的目的与其所需的关系相匹配。
One question predicts all three patterns. · 一个问题预测了所有三种模式。
How and why they developed
- The objective is how and why various European colonies developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754.
- How: subjugation and incorporation; trade alliances and intermarriage; family migration and land taking.
- Why: because each empire's aim and each colony's population size made a different arrangement necessary.
它们如何以及为何发展
- 这一目标是1607 至 1754 年间欧洲各殖民地如何以及为何发展与扩张。
- 如何:奴役与纳入;贸易同盟与通婚;举家迁徙与夺取土地。
- 为何:因为每个帝国的目标与每块殖民地的人口规模,使不同的安排成为必需。
A hundred traders who need partners behave differently from ten thousand farmers who need fields. Neither group chose its behaviour out of character; each was doing the only thing its numbers and its purpose allowed.
一百个需要伙伴的商人,与一万个需要田地的农民,行为方式是不同的。任何一方的行为都不是出于性情;各自所做的,都是其人数与其目的所允许的唯一那件事。
Spanish efforts to extract wealth... led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into Spanish colonial society. French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage. English colonisation efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants... focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately.
西班牙人榨取财富的努力……使他们发展出一些制度,其基础是奴役原住民人口、使他们皈依基督教,并把他们连同被奴役与自由的非洲人一起纳入西班牙殖民地社会。 法国与荷兰的殖民努力涉及的欧洲人相对较少,依靠贸易同盟与通婚。 英国的殖民努力吸引了数量相对较多的英国男女移民……以农业为中心,并定居于从美洲原住民手中夺取的土地上,与他们分开居住。