Four British Regions · 四个英国地区
Chesapeake: tobacco, and a change of labour
- The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco — a labour-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans.
- Initially... and later is a change over time inside one sentence, and it is the change 2.6 explains.
- Labour-intensive is the cause: a crop that needs many hands makes the labour question decisive.
切萨皮克:烟草,以及劳动力的更替
- 切萨皮克与北卡罗来纳诸殖民地靠出口烟草而致富——这是一种劳动密集型产品,最初由白人、以男性为主的契约仆役耕种,后来则由被奴役的非洲人耕种。
- 最初……后来是一句话之内随时间的变化,而这正是 2.6 所解释的那个变化。
- 劳动密集型是原因:一种需要许多人手的作物,使劳动力问题变得具有决定性。
The Chesapeake labour force changed from... · 切萨皮克的劳动力从...转变为...
'Initially... and later' — a change 2.6 explains. · ‘起初...后来’——这是2.6所解释的变化。
New England: towns, farms, mixed economy
- The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.
- Family farms and small towns are the units — a settlement pattern that supports the town meetings of 2.3's last bullet.
- Mixed economy of agriculture and commerce means no single export dominated, which matters for how the region weathered trade policy.
新英格兰:市镇、农场、混合经济
- 新英格兰诸殖民地最初由清教徒定居,围绕带有家庭农场的小市镇发展起来,并实现了农业与商业相结合的繁荣混合经济。
- 家庭农场与小市镇是基本单位——一种支撑本小节最后一条中那些市镇大会的定居模式。
- 农业与商业相结合的混合经济意味着没有单一出口品占主导,而这对该地区如何应对贸易政策很重要。
Put the middle colonies' causal chain in order. · 按顺序排列中部殖民地的因果链。
Tolerance as a consequence of composition. · 宽容度作为构成的结果。
The middle colonies: cereals and diversity
- The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance.
- The CED gives a causal chain: exports → migrants → diversity → tolerance.
- So tolerance here is described as a consequence of composition, not only of principle.
中部殖民地:谷物与多样性
- 中部殖民地支撑起以谷物作物为基础的繁荣出口经济,并吸引了范围广泛的欧洲移民,从而形成了在文化、族群与宗教上更为多样与宽容的社会。
- CED 给出了一条因果链:出口 → 移民 → 多样性 → 宽容。
- 因此这里的宽容被描述为人口构成的后果,而不只是原则的后果。
The CED records cultural and religious autonomy developed by enslaved people themselves. · CED记录了被奴役人民自身发展的文化和宗教自主权。
Not only what was done to them. · 不仅是被强加于他们身上的。
"Unusually democratic for the era" is comparative, and the sentence carries its own limit. New England based power in participatory town meetings, while in the southern colonies elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies — same claim, two very different distributions of power.
"在那个时代异乎寻常民主"是比较性的,而这句话自带其限度。新英格兰把权力建立在有广泛参与的市镇大会之上,而在南部殖民地,精英种植园主行使地方权威,并主导着选举产生的议会——同一项主张,两种极不相同的权力分布。
Which British colonial region? · 哪个英国殖民地地区？
Sort each description into its region. · 将每个描述归类到相应地区。
Match each region to how power was exercised. · 将每个地区与其行使权力的方式相匹配。
Same claim, two very different distributions of power. · 相同的论断，但权力分布截然不同。
The southern coast and West Indies
- The colonies of the southern Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting cash crops.
- They depended on the labour of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy.
- The last clause is essential: the CED records autonomy created by enslaved people themselves, not only what was done to them.
南部沿海与西印度群岛
- 南大西洋沿岸与英属西印度群岛的殖民地,利用漫长的生长季发展出以出口经济作物为基础的种植园经济。
- 它们依赖被奴役非洲人的劳动,后者在这些地区往往构成人口的多数,并发展出他们自己形式的文化与宗教自主。
- 最后一个从句至关重要:CED 记录了被奴役者自己创造的自主,而不只是他们所遭遇之事。
Distance and Britain's initially ____ attention produced self-governing institutions. · 距离和英国最初____的关注产生了自治制度。
Unusually democratic for the era — a comparative claim. · 该时代罕见的民主特征——这是一个比较论断。
Self-government, by distance and inattention
- Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era.
- The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies.
- Unusually democratic for the era is a comparative claim, and the southern half of the sentence shows the limit within it.
因距离与疏忽而生的自治
- 距离与英国最初的松散管理,使各殖民地建立起在那个时代异乎寻常民主的自治机构。
- 新英格兰诸殖民地把权力建立在有广泛参与的市镇大会之上,再由这些大会选出殖民地议会的成员;在南部殖民地,精英种植园主行使地方权威,并主导着选举产生的议会。
- 在那个时代异乎寻常民主是一项比较性主张,而这句话的南部那一半显示了其中的限度。
Two colonies both elect an assembly. In one, the electors meet in person in a town hall; in the other, a few dozen landholders decide who stands. Both are elections, and calling them the same thing loses the entire difference.
两块殖民地都选出议会。其中一块,选举人在市镇会堂里亲自集会;另一块,由几十位地主决定谁来参选。两者都是选举,而把它们说成同一回事,就丢掉了全部的差别。
Chesapeake and North Carolina exported tobacco, cultivated initially by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans; New England developed small towns with family farms and a thriving mixed economy; the middle colonies ran a cereal export economy attracting migrants and producing diversity and tolerance; and the southern Atlantic coast and British West Indies built plantation economies dependent on enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy. Distance and Britain's initially lax attention produced self-government unusually democratic for the era.
切萨皮克与北卡罗来纳出口烟草,最初由白人、以男性为主的契约仆役耕种,后来则由被奴役的非洲人耕种;新英格兰发展出带有家庭农场的小市镇与繁荣的混合经济;中部殖民地经营谷物出口经济,吸引移民并产生多样性与宽容;而南大西洋沿岸与英属西印度群岛建立起依赖被奴役非洲人的种植园经济,后者往往构成人口的多数并发展出他们自己形式的文化与宗教自主。距离与英国最初的松散管理产生了在那个时代异乎寻常民主的自治。