Introduction to Air Pollution · 空气污染导论
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Air pollution/eə pəˈluːʃn/ | 空气污染 | kōng qì wū rǎn |
| fossil fuels/ˈfɒsl ˈfjuːəlz/ | 化石燃料 | huà shí rán liào |
| primary/ˈpraɪməri/ | 一次 | yī cì |
| secondary/ˈsekəndəri/ | 二次 | èr cì |
| ozone/ˈəʊzəʊn/ | 臭氧 | chòu yǎng |
What is in dirty air
- Air pollution 空气污染 is harmful stuff added to the air.
- It can be gases, tiny particles, or droplets.
- Most of it comes from burning fossil fuels 化石燃料.
- Cars, power plants, and factories are the biggest sources.
脏空气里有什么
- 空气污染(air pollution)是加入空气的有害东西。
- 它可以是气体、微小的颗粒或液滴。
- 它大部分来自燃烧化石燃料(fossil fuels)。
- 汽车、发电厂和工厂是最大的来源。
Primary pollutants
- A primary 一次 pollutant is released directly into the air.
- Carbon monoxide pours out of a car's exhaust.
- Sulfur dioxide leaves a coal power plant's smokestack.
- Soot and dust particles come straight from fires and engines.
一次污染物
- 一种一次(primary)污染物被直接排放到空气中。
- 一氧化碳从汽车的排气管涌出。
- 二氧化硫从煤电厂的烟囱离开。
- 烟灰和尘埃颗粒直接来自火和引擎。
Air pollution is… · 空气污染是……
Air pollution is any harmful substance added to the air — gases, particles, or droplets. · 空气污染是任何加入空气的有害物质——气体、颗粒或液滴。
Secondary pollutants
- A secondary 二次 pollutant is not emitted directly.
- It forms in the air when primary pollutants react.
- Ground-level ozone 臭氧 forms when sunlight hits car exhaust.
- Acid rain forms when sulfur and nitrogen gases react with water.
二次污染物
- 一种二次(secondary)污染物不是直接排放的。
- 它在一次污染物反应时于空气中形成。
- 地面臭氧(ozone)在阳光照到汽车尾气时形成。
- 酸雨在硫和氮的气体与水反应时形成。
Primary or secondary pollutant? · 一次污染物还是二次污染物?
Sort each pollutant by whether it is emitted directly or forms later in the air. · 按照每种污染物是直接排放的还是后来在空气中形成的,给它们分类。
A primary · 第一产业 (primary) pollutant is one that… · 一种一次污染物是……
A primary · 第一产业 (primary) pollutant comes straight from the source — like CO from a tailpipe or SO2 from a smokestack. · 一种一次污染物直接来自源头——比如来自排气管的CO或来自烟囱的SO2。
A ____ pollutant forms in the air when primary pollutants react, like ozone in smog. · 一种____污染物在一次污染物反应时于空气中形成,比如烟雾中的臭氧。
A secondary · 第二产业 (secondary) pollutant is not emitted directly — it forms in the atmosphere, like ground-level ozone. · 一种二次污染物不是直接排放的——它在大气中形成,比如地面臭氧。
Why the split matters
- Primary pollutants can be cut at the source — cleaner engines, scrubbers.
- Secondary pollutants need us to cut the primary ones that make them.
- You cannot filter ozone from a tailpipe — it isn't there yet.
- So controlling air pollution means understanding where each one comes from.
为什么这个区分重要
- 一次污染物能在源头削减——更干净的引擎、洗涤器。
- 二次污染物需要我们削减制造它们的一次污染物。
- 你无法从排气管过滤臭氧——它还不在那里。
- 所以控制空气污染意味着理解每一种来自哪里。
Burning fossil fuels is a major source of air pollution. · 燃烧化石燃料是空气污染的主要来源。
Cars, power plants, and factories burning fossil fuels are the biggest sources of air pollution. · 燃烧化石燃料的汽车、发电厂和工厂是空气污染最大的来源。
Select all · 所有 primary pollutants (emitted directly). · 选出所有一次污染物(直接排放的)。
CO, SO2, and soot are emitted directly. Ground-level ozone is secondary — it forms in the air. · CO、SO2和烟灰是直接排放的。地面臭氧是二次的——它在空气中形成。
The key distinction: primary = emitted directly (you can trap it at the smokestack or tailpipe). Secondary = forms in the atmosphere from primary pollutants reacting, often with sunlight. Ground-level ozone is the classic secondary pollutant — no engine emits ozone; it's built in the air from exhaust plus sunlight.
关键区分:一次=直接排放(你能在烟囱或排气管处捕捉它)。二次=由一次污染物反应而在大气中形成,常常与阳光作用。地面臭氧是典型的二次污染物——没有引擎排放臭氧;它是在空气中由尾气加阳光造出来的。
A city morning:
- Rush-hour traffic pours out primary pollutants — carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, soot.
- As the sun climbs, its light drives those nitrogen oxides and vapours to react, building up secondary ground-level ozone.
- By midday the "smog" hanging over the city is largely a pollutant that no single tailpipe ever emitted.
一个城市的早晨:
- 高峰时段的交通涌出一次污染物——一氧化碳、氮氧化物、烟灰。
- 随着太阳升高,它的光驱动那些氮氧化物和蒸气反应,积累起二次的地面臭氧。
- 到中午,笼罩城市的"烟雾"很大程度上是一种没有任何单个排气管排放过的污染物。
Air pollution is harmful gases, particles, and droplets added to the air, mostly from burning fossil fuels. A primary pollutant is emitted directly (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, soot). A secondary pollutant forms in the air when primary ones react — like ground-level ozone in smog. The split guides how we control each.
空气污染是加入空气的有害气体、颗粒和液滴,大部分来自燃烧化石燃料。一种一次污染物是直接排放的(一氧化碳、二氧化硫、烟灰)。一种二次污染物在一次污染物反应时于空气中形成——比如烟雾中的地面臭氧。这个区分指导我们如何控制每一种。