Coherence at Three Levels · 三个层级上的连贯
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| coherence/kəʊˈhɪərəns/ | 连贯 | lián guàn |
| Repetition/ˌrepəˈtɪʃn/ | 重复 | chóng fù |
| synonyms/ˈsɪnənɪmz/ | 同义词 | tóng yì cí |
| pronoun references/ˈprəʊnaʊn ˈrefrənsɪz/ | 代词指代 | dài cí zhǐ dài |
| parallel structure/ˈpærəlel ˈstrʌktʃə/ | 平行结构 | píng xíng jié gòu |
| Transitional elements/trænˈsɪʃənl ˈelɪmənts/ | 过渡成分 | guò dù chéng fèn |
A text can be clear sentence by sentence and still lose you
- Every sentence makes sense, and after two paragraphs you cannot say what the argument is.
- Clarity is local; coherence 连贯 is what holds the levels together.
- The CED names three levels, and a text can fail at any one of them.
Every sentence may know its own address; coherence makes sure they all live in the same essay.
一个文本可能句句清楚,却仍让你迷失
- 每一句都说得通,而读了两段之后你却说不出论证是什么。
- 清晰是局部的;连贯(coherence)才是把各层级连在一起的东西。
- CED 点名了三个层级,而文本在任何一个层级上都可能失效。
每个句子可以知道自己的地址；连贯性得确保它们住在同一篇文章里。
Inside a sentence
- In a sentence, the idea in one clause logically links to the idea in another.
- A sentence whose two halves have no relation is grammatical and incoherent.
- That is why coordination and subordination — Unit 7 — are coherence tools, not decoration.
句子内部
- 在句子中,一个分句里的观点与另一个分句里的观点在逻辑上相连。
- 两半毫无关系的句子,是合乎语法而不连贯的。
- 这正是并列与从属——第七单元的内容——属于连贯工具而非装饰的原因。
Inside a paragraph
- In a paragraph, each sentence builds on the one before it.
- Test a paragraph by asking of every sentence: what did the previous one make possible?
- A sentence that could be moved anywhere in the paragraph is not building on anything.
段落内部
- 在段落中,每一句都建立在前一句之上。
- 检验一个段落的办法,是对每一句都问:前一句使什么成为可能?
- 在段内可以随意挪动的句子,并没有建立在任何东西之上。
Build coherence at three levels · 在三个层次上建立连贯
Coherence is built inside a sentence, between sentences and between paragraphs, and the fixes are different. · 连贯分别建立在句内、句间与段间,三者的修改方法不同。
Within a paragraph, each sentence should ____ on the one before it. · 在段落中,每一句都应当 ____ 前一句之上。
A sentence that could be moved anywhere is not building on anything. · 可以随意挪动的句子,并没有建立在任何东西之上。
The level students lose is the whole-text one. Every paragraph can be internally coherent while the sequence is arbitrary — and an essay in that state has clarity everywhere and reasoning nowhere.
学生失守的是全文这一层级。每一段都可以内部连贯,而顺序却是任意的——处于这种状态的文章,处处清晰,却毫无推理。
Select all · 所有 the levels at which the CED says coherence occurs. · 选出 CED 所说连贯发生的所有层级。
Coherence is a relation between ideas, so a single word is not a level. · 连贯是观念之间的关系,因此单个词语不是一个层级。
The level of coherence students most often lose is... · 学生最常失守的连贯层级是……
Every paragraph can be competent while the sequence is arbitrary. · 每一段都可以合格,而顺序却是任意的。
Across the whole text
- Across the text, each paragraph relates to the line of reasoning.
- This is the level students most often lose — every paragraph is competent and the sequence is arbitrary.
- The topic-sentence test from Unit 3 checks exactly this level.
全文层面
- 在全文层面,每一段都与推理线索相关。
- 这是学生最常失守的层级——每一段都合格,而顺序却是任意的。
- 第三单元的主题句检验,查的正是这一层级。
Select all · 所有 the coherence devices the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有连贯手段。
Pronoun reference and transitional elements complete the list; footnotes are not on it. · 代词指代与过渡成分补全这份清单;脚注不在其中。
Match each level to what holds it together. · 把每个层级与把它连在一起的东西配对。
Three levels, three different things to check. · 三个层级,三样不同的东西需要检查。
What creates the links
- Repetition 重复, synonyms 同义词, pronoun references 代词指代 and parallel structure 平行结构 indicate or develop relationships between ideas.
- Transitional elements 过渡成分 — words, phrases, clauses, sentences, even whole paragraphs — assist in creating coherence.
- These are examinable by name: a "structure" question is asking which of these the writer used.
是什么造就了这些连接
- 重复(repetition)、同义词(synonyms)、代词指代(pronoun references)与平行结构(parallel structure)标示或发展观念之间的关系。
- 过渡成分(transitional elements)——词语、短语、分句、句子,乃至整个段落——有助于创造连贯。
- 这些名称都是可考的:一道"结构"题问的正是写作者使用了其中哪些。
A paragraph opens "The scheme is expensive" and its second sentence begins "Students also report...". Also claims a link the sentences do not have — cost and student reports are not the same idea, and the transition papers over the gap instead of building one.
某段以"这个方案代价高昂"开头,第二句以"学生们还报告说……"开始。还声称了一种句子之间并不存在的联系——成本与学生反馈不是同一个观念,而这个过渡是在糊住这道缝隙,而不是搭起一座桥。
Coherence operates in a sentence (clause links to clause), a paragraph (each sentence builds on the last) and the whole text (each paragraph relates to the line of reasoning). Repetition, synonyms, pronoun reference, parallel structure and transitional elements create the links.
连贯在句子层面(分句与分句相连)、段落层面(每句建立在前一句之上)与全文层面(每段与推理线索相关)上运作。重复、同义词、代词指代、平行结构与过渡成分造就这些连接。