Recognizing Methods of Development · 识别发展手法
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Methods of development/ˈmeθədz ɒv dɪˈveləpmənt/ | 展开方法 | zhǎn kāi fāng fǎ |
| narration/nəˈreɪʃn/ | 叙述 | xù shù |
| cause-effect/kɔːz ɪˈfekt/ | 因果 | yīn guǒ |
Why did this writer tell a story here?
- A writer who could have given a statistic gave an anecdote instead.
- That was a choice, and choices in this course always have a reason.
- Methods of development 展开方法 name the shapes those choices take.
An anecdote is a close-up; a statistic is a wide shot. Choose the camera before calling “Action!”
这位写作者为何在此处讲了个故事?
- 本可以给出一个统计数据的写作者,却给了一则轶事。
- 这是一个选择,而本课程中的选择永远有其理由。
- 展开方法(methods of development)为这些选择所采取的形态命名。
轶事是特写镜头，统计数字是远景；喊“开拍”前，先选好镜头。
What they are
- Methods of development are common approaches writers use to develop and organise the reasoning of an argument.
- The CED's list: narration, cause-effect, comparison-contrast, definition and description.
- This lesson covers the first two; the rest come in Unit 4.
它们是什么
- 展开方法是写作者用来展开并组织论证推理的常见路数。
- CED 的清单是:叙述、因果、比较对照、下定义与描写。
- 本课讲前两种;其余在第四单元。
Select all · 所有 the methods of development the CED names. · 选择CED命名的所有发展手法。
Summarising is not a method of development; definition and description complete the list. · 总结不是一种发展手法；定义和描述构成了完整列表。
Narration
- Developing through narration 叙述, writers offer details about real-life experiences and reflections on them.
- The reflection is what makes narration an argument rather than a story.
- An anecdote with no reflection has supplied colour and no reasoning.
叙述
- 通过叙述(narration)展开时,写作者提供关于真实生活经验的细节,并对其作出反思。
- 反思正是使叙述成为论证而非故事的东西。
- 没有反思的轶事只提供了色彩,没有提供任何推理。
Narration, cause-effect, or neither? · 叙述、因果，或其他？
Sort each paragraph move by the method it uses. · 按每段移动使用的手法进行分类。
Narration becomes an argument when the writer adds... · 当作者加入……时，叙述转化为论证
Reflection · 反思 is part of the method; without it the story is colour. · 反思是手法的一部分；没有它，故事只是色彩描写。
Narration without reflection is not an argument. A vivid story that is never brought back to a claim has supplied colour, and colour earns nothing. The CED names reflection as part of the method for exactly this reason.
**没有反思的叙述不是论证。**一个生动却从未被带回到某项主张的故事,只提供了色彩,而色彩得不到分。CED 把反思列为这一方法的组成部分,正是出于这个原因。
In cause-effect development, naming the cause and the effect is enough. · 在因果发展中，仅命名原因和结果是不够的。
The method's value is the link — a paragraph without the mechanism has asserted, not developed. · 该方法的价值在于链接——段落若未阐明机制，仅是断言而非展开。
Match each method to what it supplies the reader. · 将每种方法与它为读者提供的功能相匹配。
Each method removes a different obstacle between the reader and the claim. · 每种方法都消除了读者与论点之间不同的障碍。
Cause-effect
- Developing through cause-effect 因果, writers present a cause and assert its effects — or start from an effect and trace it back.
- The method's whole value is the link, not the two ends.
- A paragraph that names a cause and an effect without the mechanism has asserted, not developed.
因果
- 通过因果(cause-effect)展开时,写作者给出一个原因并断言其效果——或从一个结果出发反向追溯。
- 这一方法的全部价值在于那个联系,而不在两端。
- 只点出原因与结果而不给机制的段落,是在断言,而不是在展开。
In an analysis, never stop at naming the method — say what it ____ here. · 在分析中，切勿止步于指出方法名称——需说明它在此处____了什么。
The method is the shape; the effect on the audience is the analysis. · 方法是形态；对受众的影响才是分析本身。
Naming a method in an analysis
- Do not stop at "the writer uses narration".
- Say what the method does here: makes the abstract concrete, or supplies the mechanism the reader was missing.
- The method is the shape; the effect on the audience is the analysis.
在分析中点出一种方法
- 不要停在"写作者使用了叙述"。
- 要说出这一方法在此处做了什么:把抽象变具体,或提供读者原本缺少的那个机制。
- 方法是形态;对受众的作用才是分析。
A writer arguing that a rule is unfair opens with the day it was applied to her. The story alone is colour. The next sentence — "and the reason given that day was not the reason written in the policy" — is the reflection that turns it into evidence.
一位主张某条规定不公的写作者,以这条规定被施用于她本人的那一天开篇。故事本身只是色彩。下一句——"而那天所给的理由,并不是政策上写着的那个理由"——才是把它变成证据的那句反思。
Methods of development are how writers organise reasoning: narration, cause-effect, comparison-contrast, definition, description. Narration needs reflection to be an argument, and cause-effect earns its marks on the link, not the two ends. Always say what the method does here.
展开方法是写作者组织推理的方式:叙述、因果、比较对照、下定义、描写。叙述需要反思才成为论证,而因果得分靠的是那个联系,不是两端。永远要说出这一方法在此处做了什么。