What Evidence Does · 证据的作用
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| strategically and purposefully/strəˈtiːdʒɪkli ænd ˈpɜːpəsfəli/ | 有策略、有目的地 | yǒu cè lüè 、 yǒu mù dì dì |
| illustrate, clarify, set a mood, exemplify, associate, or amplify | 举例、澄清、营造氛围、示范、关联或放大 | jǔ lì 、 chéng qīng 、 yíng zào fēn wéi 、 shì fàn 、 guān lián huò fàng dà |
| credibility/ˌkredɪˈbɪlɪti/ | 可信度 | kě xìn dù |
| sufficient evidence/səˈfɪʃənt ˈevɪdəns/ | 充分的证据 | chōng fèn de zhèng jù |
Two writers, the same statistic, different work
- The same figure can open a paragraph or close it, shock a reader or reassure one.
- The number did not change; the job it was given did.
- Unit 2 asks not what evidence is but what it does.
A statistic cannot decide whether it is the opening act or the final punchline; the writer gives it a job.
两位写作者,同一个数据,不同的工作
- 同一个数字可以开启一段,也可以收束一段;可以震动读者,也可以安抚读者。
- 数字没有变;变的是它被赋予的工作。
- 第二单元问的不是证据是什么,而是它在做什么。
统计数字自己决定不了是开场嘉宾还是压轴台词；它的工作得由作者安排。
The jobs evidence can do
- Writers use evidence strategically and purposefully 有策略、有目的地.
- The CED's list of jobs: to illustrate, clarify, set a mood, exemplify, associate, or amplify 举例、澄清、营造氛围、示范、关联或放大.
- Naming the job is analysis; listing the evidence is not.
证据可以做的各种工作
- 写作者有策略、有目的地(strategically and purposefully)使用证据。
- CED 列出的工作有:举例、澄清、营造氛围、示范、关联或放大(illustrate, clarify, set a mood, exemplify, associate, or amplify)。
- 点出这项工作才是分析;罗列证据不是。
What job is this evidence doing? · 这段证据发挥了什么作用？
Match each use of evidence to the job the CED would name. · 将每种证据用途与CED定义的职能匹配。
Select all · 所有 the jobs the CED says evidence can do. · 选择所有CED所述证据可发挥的功能。
"Conclude" is not on the CED's list; the six jobs are illustrate, clarify, set a mood, exemplify, associate and amplify. · "得出结论"不在CED列表中；六项功能是举例、阐明、营造氛围、例证、关联和增强。
What strategic evidence buys
- Strategically selected evidence strengthens the validity and reasoning of the argument.
- It relates to an audience's emotions and values.
- And it helps establish the writer's credibility 可信度 — three separate gains from one choice.
策略性证据换来什么
- 经策略性选取的证据增强论证的有效性与推理。
- 它与受众的情感与价值观相关联。
- 并且有助于确立写作者的可信度(credibility)——一个选择带来三重收获。
Strategic evidence can strengthen reasoning, relate to values and build credibility at once. · 战略性证据可同时加强推理、关联价值观并建立可信度。
The CED lists all three gains from a single well-chosen piece. · CED列出了精心挑选的一段证据所能带来的全部三项收益。
Sufficiency is quantity and quality together, not volume. Six loosely related examples are not more sufficient than three apt ones — the CED's word is apt support, which is a judgement about fit, not about number.
充分性是数量与质量的合力,而不是分量。六条关系松散的例子并不比三条恰当的更充分——CED 用的词是恰当支撑,这是关于契合度的判断,不是关于数量的判断。
Evidence is sufficient when... · 当证据满足...时即为充分
Apt support is a judgement about fit, not about volume. · 恰当支持是对契合度的判断，而非对数量的判断。
Match each gain to what produces it. · 将每项收益与其产生原因匹配。
One well-chosen piece can deliver all three at once. · 一段精心挑选的证据可同时实现上述三项收益。
Sufficiency is not volume
- An effective argument contains sufficient evidence 充分的证据.
- Evidence is sufficient when its quantity and quality provide apt support for the line of reasoning.
- Three well-chosen pieces that bear directly on the claim beat six that only touch it.
充分性不等于分量
- 有效的论证包含充分的证据(sufficient evidence)。
- 当证据的数量与质量为推理线索提供恰当支撑时,它才是充分的。
- 三条直接切中主张、精心挑选的证据,胜过六条只是擦边的。
To analyse evidence, ask why the writer chose ____ piece and not another. · 分析证据时，请思考作者为何选择____一段而非其他段落。
If removing it costs the argument nothing, it was included for volume. · 如果删除它不影响论证效力，那么它只是被加入以增加篇幅。
Analysing evidence in a text
- Ask why this piece and not another — what does it do that a different example would not?
- Ask what it would cost the argument to remove it.
- If nothing is lost, the writer included it for volume, and you may say so.
分析文本中的证据
- 要问为什么是这一条而不是另一条——它做了别的例子做不到的什么?
- 要问把它删去会让论证损失什么。
- 如果毫无损失,那写作者放它进来只是为了凑分量,而你可以这样指出。
A writer arguing that a policy is misdirected cites one statistic (illustrate), one participant's account (set a mood), and one comparison with a similar programme (associate). Three pieces, three different jobs — remove any one and something specific is lost.
一位主张某项政策方向错误的写作者,援引了一个统计数据(举例)、一位参与者的自述(营造氛围),以及与一个类似项目的比较(关联)。三条证据,三种不同的工作——删去任何一条,都会有某样具体的东西损失掉。
Evidence is used strategically to illustrate, clarify, set a mood, exemplify, associate or amplify. Strategic evidence strengthens reasoning, relates to emotions and values, and builds credibility. Sufficiency is quantity and quality providing apt support.
证据被有策略地用于举例、澄清、营造氛围、示范、关联或放大。策略性证据增强推理、关联情感与价值观,并建立可信度。充分性是数量与质量共同提供恰当支撑。